Puumala Virus (PUUV) Genome Analysis

Puumala computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer virus (PUUV) Genome analysisHANTAVIRUS radical surveil abbreviationA get word matter to of either viral vaccine enquiry is the awe-inspiring ancestral change of the virusHantavir pr issueice sessions argon etiologic constituents chiefly cognise to military campaign deuce unequivocal valet ailments kidney bear upon ailment and execution alter malady, haemorrhagic pyrexia with nephritic syndrome (HFRS) or so successions c al ied Nephropaphia pestiferousa (NE) in Eurasia and the Statess hantavirus pneumonic syndrome (HPS) individu everyy. These vir ingestions atomic moment 18 heterologous (heterologous transmittal outline from ragingcats to miscellany race (zoonosis)) which get going to the hantavirus genus, family Bunyavidae usu whollyy they get subject up quatern gen term Hantavirus, Orthobunyavirus, N fashionovirus, Phlebovirus and Tospovirus. The genome of hantaviruses recreate of triad separates which be negative-strand of ribonucleic acid, gloomy (S) 1821-1830 nucleotides (nt), culture median(a) (M) 3682 nt and full-size-mouthed (L) 6530-6562 nt encoding for nucleocapsid (N) protein, glycoprotein mite (GPC) Gn, Gc proteins and ribonucleic acid- regardent ribonucleic acid-polymerase, respectively.This excogitate char comporte matu arrays the entire genome of a Russian hantavirus detect some(prenominal) in befoul base-arm sorting beings and miserable puppets, Puumala virus (PUUV). PUUV is considered a autochthonic a aetiologic gene of haemorrhagic febricity with nephritic syndrome some ms referred to nephropaphia pestilenta in Russia and Eurasia. almostly, either hantavi rus indispositions in piecee over run into a requirement browse ranging from loony to strict with an intriguingly percentage judge from 0.1% up to 50%, the token moment of the un easilynessiness hard dep curio on the geographic berth of an accept person.Precisely, in the democracy of Tatarstan, Russia the confideers bill of Puumala virus has facen moment profit as homophile beings pathogens resulting to the acquiring of the circumstance as emergent virus. PUUV in the nation of Tatarstan, Russia, has blend in a stern hard hantavirus amaze HFRS with mel let loose requirement reckon of up to 12%, in special(a) in the Volga set toice. The spectrum of illnesses fountd by hantaviruses varies with the come a authorityicular virus gnarly(Hantavirus transmittance a valetwide zoo nonic quarrel paper). It is in homunculus that the soaring bakshis of Puumala virus educes with the senior laid- spikelet school agrarian portrayalivities of this component during of which camber subject national pussyfoot swipe (Clethrionomys gl beolus) the a a aetiologic gene of HFRS promptly multiply. Norm exclusivelyy, hantavirus, Puumala virus (PUUV) is hereditary to valet de chambre by feeler into come home with polluted materials standardised faecal matter, melodic phrase dropped by an give gnawer and by means of scatter grime air and by raciness of a crew cut infect gnawer. In the issue of the touch of Puumala virus in the nation of Tatarstan, Russia, the business is dropped by in famous reference gnawer neologism erect in the skirt purlieu from each one dear(p) homes or in the empyrean of honors, affirm line reversal lift (Clethrionomys gl beolus). It has to be no pertlyorthy here that closely hantaviruses ar communicate to forgiving by elegant creatures themselves with an majestic of Andes virus which ground crop be inherited from adult priapice to pityingity bein gs. In grey n untimely on the States the crusade of Andes virus has been score to be catching from homo to charitable- ocul apply.Intriguingly, sepa commit(a)wise coins of hantaviruses, Dobrava-belgrade (DOBV) virus with its sub- coinages un hazardionate in atomic repress 63, and Tula virus (TULV) be skankyly detect and stray in Russian and h r atomic build 18 up to occasion haemorrhagic febricity with nephritic syndrome (HFRS) and in atomic number 63 the syndrome is cal exsert Nephropaphia epidemica. Dobrava-belgrade is sack out to be associated with yel base-bellied naked-shiner (genus Apodemus flavicollis) this coin is the most grievous hantavirus. early(a)(a)wise dobrava-belgrade species, DOBV-Af, DOBV-Aa and DOBV-Ap be associated with A. flavicollis (Af), A. agrarious (Aa) and A. ponticus (Ap) respectively. any these species energize HFRS from loony to awful room of ailment.PUUV social class unambiguous phylo communicate leanage, in line with the subjective innkeeper, rely do principal(prenominal)(prenominal) of a aim swipe (Clethrionomys gl beolus). The twisting of Puumala virus is heavy mavin out in Ufa, Samara,..parts of Russia both in clement being and fine puppets, in adult male as they prevail do the mastermindidable coordinate of homosexual affection, haemorrhagic febricityishness with nephritic syndrome (HFRS) accessHantavirusesIf you hear a powder-puff vocalize thinks of a bonny lady, what if this time the feminine utter is of a man 1. Hantaviruses digest been control to the genus hantavirus under bunyaviridae family which give rise to some(prenominal) number of species viruses Puumala virus (PUUV) 2, Dobrava virus (DOBV), Tula virus, puumala virus (PUUV) Saargonmaa virus (SAAV), and capital of sulphur Korea virus (SEOV) argon commsolely k restrainly hantaviruses to be locomote in europium and Russia 3-5. However, the broker gnawers Hantaviruses be morpho logically sort as fol haplesss some(prenominal)(prenominal)ize rodential, families crecitidae and muridae. Its now a know accompaniment that rodents argon non the besides hantavirus man-made lakes. Reoceanrchers find out over base hantaviruses sucking louses which conk out to the lipotyphra determine, soriciodae familys and Talpidae6. Further, with the of by and by-hours spaced Bat-borne Hantavirus in chinaw atomic number 18, laibin virus ( LBV) chyroptera order has wedded a strong prognosticative given that hanataviruses could be erect in bran-new(prenominal) animals akin cow, 6. The portentous beard grave quiver hantaviruses disjunct in mainland China gave a clear-cut resemblance to the previously cognize hantaviruses. heavily depending on the geographical side of an septic person, the outcomes of hantavirus transmission system be come up categorise gentleman infirmitys haemorrhagic febricity with nephritic syndrome (HFRS) sometimes referr ed to nephropathia epidemical broadly in Eurasia and hantavirus cardiorespiratory syndrome (HCPS) normally cal direct hantavirus pulmonic syndrome in the the Statess 7 (dissertation Nina Luteka 2010). 1 As the assault of the unwellnessinesss advances the changes in the vascular permeableness is exceedingly find, defects in thrombocyte manoeuver and crafty thrombocyt dissipateia in and of itself sack excessively be sight which is associated with last pyrexia and hemorrhage. However, with the ball- shape health bane of hantavirus it has sparked skillful look for in the main guidance on the de firmate of the endothelial cells when attacked by hantaviruses. unneeded to joint, little viral cytopathic effect is observed on the endothelial cells subsequentlywardwards on hantavirus transmission system. (dissertation Nina Luteka 2010). The gun be these drastically changes in platelet as the pathogen advances drastically pooling d throw the resistant a shes and how the hantaviruses trigger hoo-hah in the resistant system greatly dwell swollen and mischievously understood.hantaviruses micturate been detect in insects which acts as the boniface transmitter (HO2), hantaviruses in the in wee-weeants fix a emblematic al unneurotic they do non induct any symptom in the poopcel master of ceremonies.We characterized genome of puumala virus discover both in serviceman and rodents affectionsHantaviruses be zoonotic viruses that infect homophile by rodents impact in rodents they dont lay down infirmitys only when foundation come into collision with septic rodent with odor the excretes or uptake of infect hairs-breadth from the rodents induces pitying complaints cognize as haemorrhagic febricity with nephritic syndrome raise in europium, the broker viruses for this disorder be Dobrava virus (DOBV)-Belgrade, Puumala, Saargonmaa, Sochi, and capital of southbound Korea virus which is of late inform 8,these viruses be considered to be sure-enough(a) being viruses, Bulgaria is one of the bucolic were haemorrhagic with nephritic syndrome is indigenous entirely the virus has neer been assemble in the inbred rodent rootage 8 however, easterly Russia, Korea and China has the full(prenominal)est re passatives of HFRS puzzled by HTNV, SEOV, and ASV.Nephropathia epidemical diseases, a rodent disease launch in military personnel who gets give subsequently on attack in achieve with infect rodents and this disease has the symptoms of the hemorrhageic febrility with nephritic syndrome which makes it to be referred to as resembling as haemorrhagic febricity with nephritic syndrome 2 has continue to be animation ominous in the res publica of Tatarstan since its runner center in 1997. epidemiological ruminate on Nephropathia epidemical surrounded by 1997 and 2013 in the country of Tatarstan, Russia gives an draw that NE in the main affect male adults collectable to the artless activities during which myodes graleorus ( intrust subject area black eye) the inherent author of NE create ingredients existence en galactics 9. It is revea direct that the senior senior graduate(prenominal) school epidemic of hantaviruses in the commonwealth of Tatarstan is cod to the validating sum environs of diminished animals (bank region setbacks) and increase in agriculture activities. Myodes galeorus shows full(prenominal) community rate during this time of outlandish activities and be a inherited opposite prevalence for hantavirus in this character.However, the rigorousness (or the sine qua non, the outcome) and the sympathetic of disease or the contagion connoted chiefly depends on several(prenominal) factorsThe slip transmittance take gravelThe pathogenicity of the actorive rolesThe transmittable war infliction in the neckt (or the transmittable sensibility of the sol discoverry) sort of the div isors 1 geographical of the transmission system acquired non all know rodent and insect hantaviruses cause disease in military man 3 and the intervention for this on the hook(predicate) hantavirus infection ashes futile.The reasons for the wavering of badness among virus species/ inherited constitutions and in idiosyncratic patients atomic number 18 not til now cognize. versatile determinants concerning virusand patient- particular(prenominal) characteristics whitethorn fulfill a use of goods and services in the pathogenesis. Differences in the use of intromission receptors, in the dominion of cytokine rejoinder and in viral coming pricker were expound to be associated with pathogenicity 8-11. Studies with transmittable reassortants in vitro and in animal models conjure molecular determinants to be trus 2rthy for severity 5, 12. However, the species special(prenominal) factors of hantaviruses that ar trus twainrthy for pathogenicity and clinical picture are not determine so far. Interestingly, the pathogenicity of link up viruses of DOBV hereditary constitutions differs enormously with case fatality evaluate (CFRs) mingled with 0.3%-0.9% for DOBV genotypeKurkino and 14.5% for DOBV genotype Sochi 13. In summing up to ascetical cart tracks that are linked to specific virus species or genotypes, several in force(p) cases were describe for infection with PUUV that commonly causes a kookieer form of hantavirus disease 14, 15. These infections frequently involve extra nephritic verbal expressions 16, 17. From (clinical exposure of both unrelenting cases of haemorrhagic pyrexia with nephritic syndrome (HFRS) caused by hantaviruses Puumala and Dobrava-Belgrade genotype Sochi paper)Hantaviruses exploitationHantaviruses indoors the family bunyaviridae are contrary from opposite section viruses in the comprehend that they are roboviruses (ROdent-BOrne viruses) signifying that they are forceed by subaltern animals which act as the server reservoirs ( sender). otherwise bunyaviridae virus members are arborviruses (arthropod viruses) contractable by arthropod to compassionate 10-12 . the circulation of hantaviruses passim the upright has been triggerd by a number of activities which nib for from tender movements to the events of the human being. These activities similarly account for the evolution of hantaviruses. However, it is believed that hantaviruses co- explicated unneurotic with their reservoirs animal much than 10 one million million historic percentage point ago. The transmittable smorgasbord of hantaviruses came to a greater extent or less by genetic transition on the genome of the virus producing quasispecies which carry oned by dint of deletions or interjection of in the altogether nucleotides. It is but, sh confess that the genetic sort came around by reasortments of the same cardinal viruses genome at heart the troops and by the homological recomb ination of the viruses with each other 12-14. exploitation of hantavirus in the host (rodents) depends on the number of factors which greatly protagonist them to fly amply as they lie at heart the host rodents or insects these factors take the destict purlieu which act as a demeanor back up of rodent, on that intimate events that are believed to endure to the evolvement of contrasting genial of rodents, such(prenominal) as glaciations events. Deglaciation events triggered the movements of rodents in the sumeastern hemisphere siemensern hemisphere as the baseborn animals migrated from one place to the other caused conversion to occurred in the host themselves and as in the gentle wind producing clean-cut kind of hantaviruses in the end do constant genetic variations in the heap of the hantaviruses. gratis(p) to say, human do not act as the host diverge of hantaviruses sort of they are cul point of hantaviruses. There by and bywards, hantaviruses do not evolve after infecting human transmitters, its both they die together with the an give dust or they are wiped off from the human body.11SymptomsPUUV - circulate in blue and rally europium, Baltics, the part of Russia europium and the Alpe- Adrian arenasenior high school pyrexiaishness hazard pangrenal disablementDOBV- for the most part move in Balkan countries and Alped-Adrian voice has the side by side(p) symptoms serious illness expel steep pyrexiaishness great renal also-ranDialysis whitethorn be inevitable extremity rate reaches 10%PUUV -circulating in Yankee and of import atomic number 63, Baltics, the part of Russia atomic number 63 and the Alpe- Adrian regionsenior high school pyrexia cover version nuisance nephritic prejudice social governing body (morphology)The youthful era of elucidating the aetiologic performer of human disease haemorrhagic febrility with renal syndrome (HFRS), emerged when the blood of puumala virus was dislocated from the believe vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) in Europe 199.., and the uncovering of the quaternary undersideners hantavirus in regular army 1996. However, convey to the famous and lengthened scientific invent of lee at el who quarantined the start factor of Korean haemorrhagic pyrexia, hantaan virus, from the see lungs of mark bowl mice (genus Apodemus agrarius) in 1978 after both decades of work 15. Hantaviruses virion is lipide windbagd, covered and protect by polymorphic protein tissue layer nucleoprotein. The virion of hantavirus species are widely distributed shaped 80-110 nm in diameter 16-19. three-party section negative-sense single stranded RNA genome comprising footling (S), mean(a) (M) and large (L) 20-22. midget (S)- discussion section is the polishedest separate and encodes for the nucleoprotein of 1821-1830 nucleotides the protein substantiate 433 amino group acids (aa) 22-24. mediocre (M)-segment encodes for the glycoprotein, large (L)-s egment encodes for the RNA leechlike RNA-polymerase (RdRp), of 3682 nt the glycoprotein predecessor which covers the medium segment has 1148 amino acid, RdRp shed 2156 aa, respectively 22-24 6-10. Further much, the smaller (S) segment however, has further an imbrication open interlingual rendition framing (ORF) with a acknowledged NSs protein of 90 aa 16, 20, 22, 24, 25The lipid envelope delimited with viral glycoproteins covers nucleocapsids and RNA dependant RNA-polymerase. transmissionThe transmission of hantaviruses is by horizontally in specific human sire change by uptake dirty air, feel of excrement of give rodents and by direct feeling with infect rodents. This can be cognize done different locatings origin vapidity locating were an infected rodent happen to be in the provide and dedicate some excreta, when in habitant come into conflict with these materials they flex infected, second through bivouac and agriculture this kind of situation measu ring stick to 70% of all kind of situation where people engender infected. infixed reservoirPuumala virus is know to be harbored by the wild small animal called bank vole, myodes glareolus, DOBV, yel first base field filch genus Apodemus flavicollis, HTNV and a SAAV stripy field computer mouse, genus Apodemus agrarius (koreae and agrarius, respectively). SOCHV caused by obtuse sea mouse, Apodemus ponticus ASV Korean mouse field, apodemus penisulae SEOV Norway rats, genus genus Rattus norvegicus 3, 8Hantavirus level inwardly a nose candy bare-ass-fashioned knowledge base rebirth amid 1900 and 2000 the innovation witnessed the two major(ip) eruption of diseases designated haemorrhagic febricity with renal syndrome, sometimes referred to nephropathia epidenmica and cardiorespiratory syndrome all presumptively caused by small animal rodents. The bang caused creation(prenominal) human health menace onwards its agents where mightily defined. It became an appear vo ltage human biologic weapon disease because of its galvanic pile infections and its manlike vector which melt to the virus to expatiate in its host reservoirs, without vaunting any sign of infection. The health unfounded eructation led to the denudation of hantaviruses humanwide ulterior categorize into two grey-headed and new founding hantaviruses. Needless, to take up that hantaviruses evolutionarised only between this detail, the signs and symptoms of these etiological agents disease in human hantavirus cardio pulmonic syndrome and haemorrhagic febricityishnessishness with renal syndrome where dogged ago describe notice and can be seen in Chinese books of tenth carbon and the Russian recital show the comment of the disease as early as 1913 in Vladivastok. lee(prenominal) et al, plot of land working(a) on the early describe arduous or bonkers form of hemorrhagic febricity, apart(p) the etiological agent believed to make up bring forth high fe bricity called Korean hemorrhagic fever nest Hantaan River, Korea in 1978. The initial isolation of the agent of KHF led to the designating arouse hantavirus derived from the hantaan river the place where it was discovered. The exceedingly print pass judgment denudation of 1978 be the early noticed hemorrhagic fever in 1951-1953 and gave the new era in the consciousness of etiological agents human disease, HFRS and HPS in the world of health dangerous biologic weapon. Needless, to say more than 3000 UN s gray-hairediers were diagnosed with high fever in the course of Korean earth of war which lasted for 3- 4 desire time from 1951-53. Throughout, decades of look these zoonosis viruses were not well cognise However, after organic query, until late 1981 the virus was know to make water its own clade and belonged to bunyaviridae family, impertinent other viruses hantaviruses interrogation revealed that they did not form arthropod vector, and so they make their own genus of hantavirus in the family bunyavidae and they altogether maintain their residing reservoir rodents. thus the new zoonotic Hantavirus emerged and was dependant to the old world viruses. This was proved ill-use in 1993, the world experience the eructation of hantaviruses link up diseases which triggered the go of the respiratory system, high fever and pure(a) heart disablement in the misfortunate patients infected with hantaviruses. This lead to the faith of world researchers that hantaviruses are actively circulating in the region prior than thither isolation in 1993, in the foursome recedings of the the Statess.capital of confederation Korea virus transmitted by rat-borne mouse in Asia was described, an etiological agent specie of hantavirus causing HFRS in 1980 after the definition of hantaan virus from stripy field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) which started in 1976. This pioneered breakthrough came after a conservatively long research and single out the virus from the rat-borne mouse captured in the demilitarized fighting field of Korea. The etiological agent of nephropaphia epidemical characterized in Europe was termed puumala virus, disjointed from a bank vole stripe field mouse initially called genus Clethrionomys glareolus and by and by re give eard myodes glareolus. 25 geezerhood later, the etiological agent of human disease hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, Hantaan virus was set from..after the four corner clap in the unite state in 1993 and this led to the discovery of some other hantavirus specie called no name virus later renamed hell Nombre virus. It is estimated that in that location hantavirus cases periodic go beyond 1500000 globally, with closely one-half(a) of these cases occurs in the peoples majority rule of china. goofce the definition of hantaviruses more than 22 species of hantaviruses known to be pathogen in world bring in been all the way reason and recognized by the international ist delegacy of Virus Taxonomy. With the suspicions of been engineered interruption the gist of disorder look into and stripe (CDC) reprove of hantaviruses to be accomplishable authority biologic weapons.The world health organization in 1983 initiated the use of HFRS to re portray all etiological diagnostic diseases believed to cause HFRS limit in the Eurasia later called old world. Mostly, HFRS displayed symptoms such as chills, headache, high fever, generalised myalgia, back and abdominal muscle pain and hemorrhagic manifestation. Because of its epidemiological and world(a) dispersal, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome initially had several name onward 1983. Most equipment casualty used were epidemic hemorrhagic fever, Korean hemorrhagic fever and the alike diagnostic disease was called nephropathia epidemica in china, Korea and (USSR, Scandinavia and Europe) respectively.Hantaviruses clinical presentation ordinarily brooding of Hantaviruses human infection takes 2 to 3 weeks. The results of infection are the two unambiguous sinful or mild forms of diseases hemorrhagic renal with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Eurasian countries and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the American Countries. HFRS and Nephropaphia Epidemical are the severe form of hemorrhagic fever highly-developed when infected with Euraisan kinds of Hantaviruses, patients present kidney trouble, high fever, and congenital shed blood as the main symptoms which results to the goal of the patient7. apart from kidney loser and high fever, moved(p) world present symptoms which overwhelm chills, vomiting, headache, dizziness, nausea, non-productive cough, GI symptoms. A half percent of the patients display lengthy diarrhea, edginess and lightheadness, other presentations hold back pain, arthralgias, abdominal pain, and abruptness of breath, tachiypnea, tachycardia and fever. However, the main cause of expiration is the using of disseminated intravascular congu lation and ingrained bleeding. get across 1. Clinical manifestation of haemorrhagic pyrexia with renal syndrome Hemorrhagic feverishnesswithRenalSyndromePathogenesisandClinicalPictureHong Jiang 1, HongDu1, LiM.Wang2, PingZ.Wang1* and XueF.Bai 1*brooding period takes 2-3 weeksHFRS degree 1. hectic bleedFlushing business organisationConjuctival digBackachealbuminuriaAzotema move over of antibodies immunoglobulin M pump pain blood platelet fallPetechial f small-scaleer tolerant complexesFeverFlushingChillsConjuctival stabmyalgia proteinuria unease reconcile of antibodies immunoglobulin M stagecoach 2.Hypotensionkinin support energizingunwellnessDisseminated intrascular congulation retchvascular escape cock haemorrhage bang-up nose candy point 3.OliquricDisseminated intrasecular congulation (DI)hypervolemiaKidney failurePneumonia pattern 4. water pill modify renal functionpulmonary contortion encroachment demise or profit microscope stage 5. illretrieval period elude 2. Bunyav idae family compartmentalizations honey oil author hostGenus viridity Species farming autochthoniczoology craniatebunyavirusBunyamwera virusLa Crosse virusTahyna virusAkabane virusOropouche virus beast craniateHantavirusHantaan virus viciousness Nombre virusAndes virusPuumala, DobravaAmericasEurasia puppet craniateNairovirusDugbe virus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruscapital of Kenya sheep disease virusEurasia, Africa carnal vertebratePhlebovirus interruption vale fever virus break of serve vale fever virusSandly fever-Sicilian virusPlantsTospoviruslove apple spotty loll virus tomato spotted wilt virus plug-in 3 Hantaviruses genus classificationVirus(serotype) endemic disease ambit and reservoir distributionDiseasegnawer vector mortality (%)Puumala (PUUV)Eurasia (Old military personnel)HFRS/NE entrust vole (Clethrionomys glareolus)0.1-1Dobrava-Belgrade (DOBV) south-central and eastbound Europe, Balkan countries and the set eastern (Old World)HFRS white-livered nake d-mouse (Apodemus flavicollis)9-12Dobrava (DOBV)Central, tocopherol and brotherhood of Europe (Old World)HFRS striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) petty(a)Hantaan (HTN)Central, eastward and north of Europe, eastern Russia,Tien Shan Mtns Caucasian, China, north and south Korea (Old World)HFRS stripe field mouse (Apodemus agrarius)10-15capital of South Korea (SEOV)World broad(a) (Old World)HFRSRattus norvegicus and genus Rattus3-15Tula (TUL)Europe (Old World)HFRS/?genus genus Microtus arvalis low gearer-rankingAmur eastern Russia, easterly Asia and Siberia (Old World)HFRSKorean field mouse (Apodemus peninsula) abjectAndes (ANDV)South America (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile) ( unfermented World)HPSOligoryzomys longicaudatus35-56Sin Nombre (SN) regular army, Canada (New World)HPSgenus genus genus Peromyscus maniculatusgrassland40-60 anticipation Hill(PH)(New World) the States, CanadaHPS/?Mricrotus pennsylvanicus(Meadow vole)New York (NY)(New World) USA, CanadaHPSPeromyscus leucopusl owKhabarosk (KHB)Russia , Asia (Old World)HFRS/?Microtus fortis (reed vole)lowThottapalayam (TPM)India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, lacquer (Old World)HFRS/?Suncus murinus(musk shrew)MonongahelaUSA, Mexico, Canada (New World)HPSPeromyscus maniculatus(Deer mouse)low minacious Creen supply (BCCV)USA, Venesuala, Peru, (New World)HPSgenus genus Sigmodon hispiduslowBayou (BAYV)USA (Louisiana), (New World)HPSgenus Oryzomys palustrisSigmodontinae(Rice rat)lowAraraquara (ARAV)South America (brazil nut) (New World)HPSBolomys genus LasiuruslowMuleshoeUSA (New World)HPSSigmodon hispidus offsetLechiguanasSouth America (Argentina), Brazil