Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment 5 - Essay Example They appear different from another angle as the question based on qualitative research design focuses on multiple realities that can be constructed from different sources, unlike the other question that targets valid statistics. The news outlet shares the results of a study where two groups of teenagers are measured against two variables; tendency to carry weapons and tendency to carry none based on the amount of soft drinks drunk. The study focuses on the effects of nutrition on behavior. The outlet points out that the study does not establish whether soft drinks cause violence. The news outlet does well to focus on the facts realized from the study. It interprets the information right without signs of the misconception. I am conducting a research to examine females’ attitude towards engineering and the popular stereotype that engineering is a male career. I am concerned about the career choices made by learners based on gender. I plan to conduct interviews that will involve teachers, students, parents and other members of the society. If you agree to participate, I will ask you to fill out a questionnaire form regarding your dream. Moreover, I would need to know why you chose such careers, how your cultures affect such choices and your opinion on who fits in engineering as a career. If you do not want to contribute, there will be no consequence involved and your results will not be pretentious. Participation is voluntarily. You can withdraw midway if you want to. Your inconspicuousness will be secured. The author is concerned with the need to enhance spelling in young elementary children. Spalding instruction is based on a language art strategy that has a number of positive outcomes for the elementary students. It does provide sequential, multisensory guidance in spelling phonics and handwriting. Learners can diligently put points across in

In what sense are media audiences (a) active and (b) powerful Discuss Essay

In what sense are media audiences (a) active and (b) powerful Discuss with reference to the strengths and weaknesses of 'active audience' theory - Essay Example genre, subject matter, style), e) by time (e.g. primetime or daytime) Audiences originate both in society and in media and their contents: either people stimulate an appropriate supply of content, or the media attract people to the content they offer. To create the media audiences, we consider audience as often brought into being by some new technology as in the invention of film, radio or television or attracted by other channels such as newspaper or radio. Through the media source, the audience is thereby defined. (Mcquail’s Mass Communication Theory p.396) No one could possibly wrong to say that one cannot finish a day without encountering the media in any form. You may wake up to the sound of the radio, play an MP3 on your way to school, read billboards in the street and watch television or DVD movies in the evening. We are all therefore part of the audience if in any other way we experience such activities. In the early times, the media is used to persuade people to buy products through advertising, or to follow politicians through their propaganda. There have also been fears that the contents of media texts can make their audiences behave in different ways- become more violent for example. The effect of media to audience is highly influential. As agents of knowledge, the media is transforming its audience. (Hartley, 2007.). The ‘media’ that we think of today are actually the latest inventions. To go back through centuries and decades, things like computers, television, film, and photography would have seemed impossible to olden days. One hundred years ago is what we call the pre-media times where people made their own sort of entertainment such as reading, watching plays, or simply stroll around a park and mingle with some people getting some fresh air. Today, media has evolved in a great extent. The effect on the audience can be positive and negative. Theatre-sized audiences are accommodated so that

Strategies for Pricing, Promotion and Marketing Analysis

Strategies for Pricing, Promotion and Marketing Analysis Product Cost Literature Review We all are exposed to marketing in one or the other form everyday. Every time we buy or use a product, go window shopping, watch an advertisement, find a new product or someone telling about it. Marketing outputs are very familiar and are not as narrow as people generally know. Marketing is not just advertising, selling or making people buy things they want or they don’t. Marketing infact covers a wide range of absolutely essential business activities that bring us the products we want them, when we want them, where we want them, with all information. (Kotler P and Keller K, 2006) â€Å"Marketing is the management process that is responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably†. (CIM, 2001) â€Å"Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange and satisfy individual and organisational objectives†. (AMA, 1985) A definition that includes the important elements of both the AMA and CIM definitions, but still embraces the evolving relationship orientation is offered by Gronroos (1997). â€Å"Marketing is to establish, maintain and enhance relationship with customers and other partners at a profit, so that the objectives of the partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involved are met. This is achieved by mutual exchange and fulfilment of promises†. (Gronroos C, 1997) Marketing management is the act and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping and growing customers through creating, delivering and communicating superior customer value. (Kottler.P , Keller.K 2006) Marketing is a management process. Marketing involves management skills, requires planning, analysis, resource allocation, control and investment in terms of money, skilled people and physical resources. It also requires implementation monitoring and evaluation. Marketing fulfills customer requirement profitably Marketer has to work within the resource capabilities of the organisation and specifically work within the agreed budgets and performance targets set for the marketing function. Marketing identifies and anticipates customer requirements. Marketer creates some sort of offering only after researching the market and pinpointing exactly what the customer want. Marketing is about giving customers what they want It implies a focus towards the customer or end consumer of the product or service. (Kotler P and Keller K, 2006) Marketing offers and exchanges ideas, goods and services. The idea of marketing is an exchange process, organisation offers a product or service and the customer offers a sum of money in return. (Brassington F and Pettit S, 2006) Marketing deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs, one of the shortest definitions is â€Å"meeting needs profitably†. (Kotler P and Keller K, 2006) Marketing management tasks Capturing marketing insights Developing marketing strategies Connecting with customers Shaping the market offerings Delivering value Communicating value Creating long term growth (Kotler P and Keller K, 2006) The marketing mix is one of the dominant ideas in modern marketing. Marketing mix consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for its product. The many possibilities gather into 4 P’s. They are Product, Price, Place and Promotion. â€Å"The set of controllable tactical marketing tools– product, price, place and promotion- that blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. Marketing Mix Variety Advertising List price Channels Quality Promotions Discounts Coverage Design Personal selling Allowances Assortments Features Publicity Payment period Locations Brand name Direct selling Credit terms Inventory Packaging Transport Services Warranties Target Market (Kotler et al, 2001, p98) THE 4 Ps of Marketing The four strategies of the marketing mix (product, price, promotion and place) are interconnected. The marketing mix is one of the dominant ideas in modern marketing. Action in one affects decisions in another. It is the set of controllable tactical marketing tools that blends to give or meet the market needs. Target population must be first selected and then the strategies are applied towards. Marketing mix consists of everything that can influence the demand of the product. PRODUCT- Product can be a tangible object or a service offered by a company to the target market. A product can be any physical object, services, person, places, organisation and ideas that are offered to a market for acquisition, attention, consumption or use that satisfies the customer needs or wants. There are different product levels depending on the customer value hierarchy, they are; core benefit, basic product, expected product, augmented product, potential product. PRICE – Price is the amount of money charged for a product or service rendered, it is also the sum of value that consumers exchange for the benefits of having, using satisfying their needs or wants of the product or service. PROMOTION – Promotion are the activities that communicate the merits of the product or service that persuade the target customer to buy them. Special promotion offers like cash discount, rebates, offers etc. PLACE – Place is all the activities that a companies carries to make the product reach and available to the market. Place is also the distribution channel and distribution of the product or service in the most advantageous and best way possible to the target customer. (Kotler et al, 2001, p98), (Kotler P and Keller K, 2006), (Lancaster G and Massingham L, 1993, p100) Promotion The communication of merits of the product and persuading the customer to purchase is promotion. The benefits of the product have to be communicated to the customers for earning profits and gaining sales. The process of communicating with various form or promotion mix is known as promotion. (Kotler et al, 2001, p98) Promotion mix Promotion mix is the blend of promotional tools, which are, advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, sales force, direct marketing and public relations. These promotional tools are used to communicate or spread awareness to the customers. These tools have different characteristics and costs. Total marketing communications programme carried by a company or a business is called the promotional mix. (Kotler et al, 2001), (Michael J. Barker, 2003) Advertising Any paid form of non-personal communication of ideas or products through the medium or channel like television, newspapers, magazines, hoardings, posters, radio, cinema etc by an identified sponsor. Advertising include not only business firms, but also museums, charitable organisations, and Government agencies that direct messages to target publics. Advertisements are cost-effective way to disseminate messages, whether to build brand preference or to educate people. (Kotler. P, p590, 2005) The intention of advertisement is to inform and to persuade. The two basic aspects of advertising are the message that has to be communicated and how to be communicated. (Keith Crosier, 1998a) Personal Selling Personal selling is one of the effective tools of promotion mix involving an interactive relationship between the seller and the buyer. It is more effective in building up buyer preference, conviction and action. (Philip Kotler, 2005, p580 ; Kotler P and Keller K, 2006, p556) Sales Promotion Sales promotion is used for short run effects to promote product offers and to push sagging sales. Through sales promotion, companies get better, stronger and quicker response from the customers. Ex- contests, coupons, premiums, offers-buy one get one etc.(Philip Kotler, 2005, p580) Public relation or Publicity It is to build good relationship between the public and the company by favourable publicity, thereby building image. Lower in cost compared to advertising. It is most of the times the communication of a product, brand or business by placing information about it in the media without paying for the time or media directly. (Kotler et al, 2001, p690) Direct marketing Direct marketing is an interactive system of marketing that uses one or more advertising media to effect a measurable response or transaction at any location. Direct connections with carefully targeted individual consumers to both obtain an immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relationships by using telephone, mail, e-mail, internet, fax etc. to communicate directly with specific consumer alternative. (Bennett P D, 1995), (Betts et al., CIM, 1998) (Terance A. Shimp, 1997, p386) Promotion mix Advertising Builds awareness, public presentation (impersonal) Repetition of brand awareness and product helps in positioning and build customer trust Personal Selling Immediate and interactive lots of communication between the buyer and seller, sales call are costly. Communicating complex and deeper product information and features. Relationships can be built up important if closing the sale make take a long time. Sales Promotion Can stimulate sales by targeting promotional incentives on particular products Effective short term promotional tool. Public Relations News, stories and features are more authentic and credible. Cheap way of reaching many customers if the publicity is achieved through the right media but lose control. Direct Marketing Direct interaction with targeted individual consumers. Communication can be personalised and activities less visible to competitors. (David Jobber, 2001),( William G. Zikmund and Michael d’Amico, 1998), Kotler P and Keller K, 2006, p555-6) Advertising â€Å"Advertising is any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor†.(AMA, 1963) â€Å"Advertising is the non-personal communication of marketing related information to a target audience, usually paid for by the advertiser, and delivered through the mass media in order to reach the specific objectives of the sponsor†(Burnett, 1993) Advertising: Its role and structure Developments in magazines, radio and television have had a tremendous impact of advertising. Apart from marketing, advertising may also serve several other functions in the economy and in the society. (Bovee C. L and Arens W. L, 1992) A hierarchy of effects model proposes that ads can move consumers closer to buying step by step, from being unaware, to knowledge, to liking, to preference, to desire, to purchase. The basic functions of advertising are- Precipitation- Create awareness and stimulate needs and wants. Persuasion- Encourage action and commitment Reinforcement- Support customer’s past decisions Reminder- Create habit Advertisings have the ability to add value to the brand as they are capable of endowing a brand with a symbolic meaning that makes more value in the consumer’s eye. (Kotler P and Keller K, 2006, p556) Advertising performs the communication function of a company, which the company has faith on. The main function of advertising are informing, persuading, reminding, adding value and assisting other company efforts. Informing: Advertising makes consumer aware of brands, new brand, educates about the features and benefits, builds brand image or forming o it by reaching the mass audience at a low cost per head. It also increases demand for existing product, teaches new uses of product and awareness. Persuading: Advertisements persuades or try to push the consumers and customers to try the advertised products and services. At chances there is also demand created for the secondary product of the brand. Reminding: Advertisements make the brand memorable by recalling them, they also remind customers of their purchases, influences the consumer’s interest in mature brand bears influence on brand switchers by letting them know about the other. Assisting other company efforts: Advertisement assists other company efforts by carrying the information or spreading the awareness of sales promotion to consumers(coupons, offers). It also helps the consumers in recognising the product or brand by showing the packaging and design on television, hoardings and magazines. (Shimp T. A., 2000) Advantages of advertisements Advertising provides an introduction to the company and its products Advertising explains the products new features Advertisements are more economical Advertisements offering brochures generate leads to sales people Advertisements tell people how to use the products and make them aware of their right purchase. (Kotler P and Keller K, 2006, p556) Advertisings have the capability to compliment the other promotional mix elements, like- Delivering sales promotions directly and supporting them indirectly, carrying public relations messages and announcing public relations activities, it also presells the salesperson’s product. Thereby advertising increases sales and profitability. (Burnett, 1993) The economic impact of advertising can be linked to the opening shot in billiards, a chain reaction that affects the company that advertises as well as its competitors, customers and the business community. On the otherside or broaderscale, advertising is often considered the trigger on mass distribution system that enables the manufacturers to produce the products in high volume, at low prices, standardised quality. Advertising adds value to products, makes products more or less expensive, affects total consumer demand, encourages or discourages competition, narrows or widens consumer choice and affects national business cycles. Advertising influences in an economy that produces more goods and services that can be consumed. (Bovee C. L and Arens W. L, 1992). Advertising is expensive and its effects are uncertain, moreover sometimes it takes time to impact on consumer behaviour. Functions and effects of advertisements as a marketing tool To stimulate the distribution of a product To lower the overall cost of sales To build brand preference and loyalty To identify products and differentiate them from others To communicate information about product, its features and its location of sale To induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse. (Bovee C. L and Arens W. L, 1992) The magnitude of advertising Advertising is a big business. USA’s expenditure on advertisements alone total to 200 million dollars as of 1998. Some American companies invest more than 1 billion dollar a year on domestic product. (Coen R. J, 1997) Advertising is investment in brand equity bank Brand’s equity is enhanced by marketing communications that create brand awareness thereby leading to strong, favourable and unique relation in the consumer’s memory between brand, feature and its benefits. (Aaker D. A., 1993). A brand is differentiated from competitive offering from price competition. (Boulding W, 1994) Advertising affects on building brands Advertising helps to build brands by communicating value and adding personality. It is only advertising that can do this task well. Advertising is essential to build consumer perception of brand values in market. (Randall, 1994, p 16) Advertising cannot be evaluated separately and it is an extricable part of total brand. The sales of brand are associated with the advertising expenditure as they are directly proportional. Advertising takes the sales up and down with the increase and decrease with proportion to the communication spread to the consumers of the market. Mraket have instinctive and correct feeling that the brand is the most valued property that evaporates unless supported properly by investment in advertising. (Arnold, D 1993) Brand A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol or design or combination of them intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. -American Marketing Association Ultimately, a brand is something that resides in the mind of customer. â€Å"A brand is every sign that is capable of distinguishing the goods or services of a company.† In this definition, the stress is on ‘sign’ and ‘distinguishing’. A sign may be a word, picture or form mark. The brand name is that part of the brand that can be pronounced. A brand name can serve as a characteristic in the recognition of the branded article.(Riezebos.R et al, p-33,63,85, 2003) Brands are fundamentally important to the survival and success of many firms for which companies have to manage them correctly. Strong brands are powerful and profitable yet there are many challenges and threats continuing strength and their existence. Branding is a fundamental strategic process that involves all parts of the firm in its delivery. Brand must always deliver value which must be defined in consumer terms. Brand has a continuing relationship with its buyers and users, this may change overtime but the company should always work on it to maintain it. Branding must be continuously adapted so that it is both efficient and effective due to the threat of growing competition. (Randall G, 2000, p1-5) The connection of Zippo lighters, Swatch watches or Mont blanc pens. With all the views it feels that a brand is something different from a product. When Virgin first started, it sold music as a product. Later the Virgin brand was built up and now is in various fields like airlines, cola, railways and financial services. It is now definitely a brand. A brand has an existence that is more than an actual product or service, it has a life of its own that feeds on the original product but also carries its original values and identify into new product areas. â€Å"A product is something that is made in factory and brand is something that is bought by a consumer† (Randall G, 2000, p1-5) It is every human being’s nature to invent and build brand values in each individual head. We do it with people, we do it with animals and we do it with inanimate objects. The skill of brand management is to see that each consumer is offered the right raw materials from which he or she will build the brand as the brand owner would prefer.(Randall G, 2000, p1-5) A brand is not an objective fact, it is made up of a million or more individual and subjective assessments. (Bullmore, 1999) Hankinson and Cowking (1993) have described brand definition under six headings; Visual Perceptual Positioning Added value Image Personality (Hankinson, G and Cowking, P,1993) Brand Image and Brand Identity Brand image- Brand image is what exists in the minds of consumers and the entire information of the brand they have received by word of mouth, advertising, packaging, experience, service etc. modified by perception, previous beliefs, social norms and forgetting. Brand image is what exists. Brand identity- Brand identity is what is under control and what is transmitted to the market. A strong brand is one that has a consistent, coherent identity. (Randall G, 2000, p1-5). Brand identity consists of twelve dimensions organised around four perspectives- the brand as product(scope, attributes, quality or value, uses, users, country of origin), brand as organisation (organisational attributes, local versus global), brand as person (brand personality, customer relationships), and brand as symbol (visual imagery and heritage). (Randall G, 2000, p68) As per Randall, (1993) brands perform five man functions for consumers. Identity- Brand must identify itself clearly and unambiguously, so name, legal protection and design elements are important. Shorthand summary- The identity should act as a summary of all the information the consumer holds about the brand. Security- Brand should guarantee to provide the benefits expected. Differentiation- The brand must clearly differentiate itself from its competitors and shows its uniqueness. Added value- Brand must offer more than the generic product. (Randall, G, 1993) One more view of brand is to excel in their offering product like price such as Asda, functional benefit such as Toyota or psychological benefit such as Timotei. (Davidson, H, 1997) When General Motors (GM) and Toyota both marketed a car produced by them in joint venture and cars were functionally identical but were branded as Toyota and Geo Prizm. In the course of 1990-94, Toyota were able to sell 200,000 Corollas at US $ 11,000 each and GM were able to sell only 80,000 and that to with a lower price of US $ 10,700. This shows the greater power of the Toyota brand over the other. This shows the perception of quality in consumer’s mind with respect to brand. (Almquist et al, 1998) Brands in Takeovers Nestle made a takeover bid for Rowntree at a premium due to the brand equity or value by Rowntree. The premium was not paid for the present performance of the brand but for their future potential. Nestle made kitkat the truly European brand. Brand Equity Brand equity is a set of liabilities and assets which are attached to a brand, its value, name, symbol of a company to that of the customers. They are grouped under five categories. Brand loyalty Name awareness Perceived quality Brand association in addition to perceived quality Other proprietary brand assets-patents, trademarks, channel relationships etc. (Aaker D A, 1991, p8) Celebrity Endorsements (Brand Ambassadors) Celebrities are individuals who enjoy public acknowledgment by a large share of a certain group of people. Their attributes like attractiveness, skills, extraordinary lifestyle are observed, They also differ from the social norm and take pleasure in a high degree of public awareness. Few classic examples of celebrities like, Meg Ryan, Pierce Brosnan, models like Naomi Campbell, Gisele Buendchen, sports persons like Anna Kournikova, Michael Schumacher entertainers like Oprah Winfrey, Conan O’Brien, and pop stars e.g. Madonna, David Bowie, Britney Spears and Rihanna and also business class or groups like Donald Trump, Bill Gates or politicians like Bill Clinton, Tony Blair. Appearances of celebrities are in different ways. Initially, when they appear in their actual profession (Tennis players in Wimbledon) like Anna Kournikova Pete Sampras. Later, their appearance in public by attending special celebrity events like world premieres of movies and academy awards, in news, magazine s provide information on events and the personal life of celebrities through mass-media. Celebrities act as spokespeople in advertising to promote products, services and ideas. (Kambitsis et al. 2002, Tom et al. 1992). Celebrities like Britney Spears, Michael Jackson, Liz Hurley and Tiger Woods are paid billions of dollars for every contract with the company or brand as they play a major role in advertising industry. (Daneshvary, Rennae and Schwer, 2000, Kambitsis et al. 2002). For example, Famous Tennis player Venus Williams has been endorsed by the sportswear manufacturer Reebok International Inc. for $40 million and five year contract. Advertising with the use of celebrities create enormous publicity and attention of people. (Ohanian 1991) Celebrities as Spokespersons Spokespersons are generally used by companies to deliver their advertising message and convince consumers of their products or brands. Spokesperson who are popular and are widely known are endorsed by companies, thereby celebrity endorser (Tom et al. 1992). â€Å"A celebrity endorser is an individual who is known by the people for their achievements in their fields other than the product class endorsed.† (Friedman and Friedman, 1979, p63). Actress Catherine Zeta-Jones endorses the perfume manufactured by Elizabeth Arden (cosmetic manufacturer). Celebrities are endorsed due to their high influential potential capability and their higher recall and degree of attention in advertising. Advertising with celebrities create positive feelings towards brands, more entertaining and increases company’s awareness, Advertising with celebrities are likely affect consumers brand attitudes and purchase behaviour. (Solomon 2002) Source Credibility and Attractiveness The main intention of advertising is to persuade customers, attempt to modify or change consumer’s attitude towards brands (Solomon 2002). Celebrity endorsement strategy by advertisers enables to project an image in terms of persuasiveness, objectiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness. (Till and Shimp 1998). Source attractiveness- It is the endorser’s individuality, physical appearance, likeability, and similarity to the consumer perception, thereby to the perceived social value (Solomon 2002). Using celebrities or attractive people in television and print advertising is common practice followed and have proved to be more successful in influencing customer’s attitudes and beliefs. (Ohanian 1991) The Match-up Hypothesis Many research studies have showed the relativity between brand and celebrity endorsers and explained the effectiveness of using them to promote brands. Many of the celebrity endorsements proved to be successful. (Walker et al. 1992). Celebrity Endorser Company/Product Success (Yes/No) Liz Hurley Estee Lauder Yes Cindy Crawford Revlon PepsiCo Yes Yes Bruce Willis Seagrams No Michael Jordan Nike WorldCom Yes No Whitney Houston ATT No Jerry Seinfeld American Express Yes Milla Jovovich L’Oreal Yes (Successful and unsuccessful celebrity endorsements Source, Walker et al. 1992, Till 1998) It is not enough for a person to be just famous to endorse (Solomon 2002). Super stars like Bruce Willis and Whitney Houston who were attractive failed in their endorsements. Celebrity spokespersons should be knowledgeable, experienced, and qualified to talk about the product to be effective on consumer. (Tom et al. 1992, Daneshvary and Schwer 2000) References Philip Kotler, (2005), Marketing Management, 11th edition, Pearson Education, India AMA, (1985), ‘AMA Board approves new marketing definition’ Marketing news, 1st March, p1. Brassington F and Pettit S, (2006), ‘Principles of marketing’ 4th edition, Pearson education, England. Gronroos, C, (1997), ‘From marketing mix to relationship marketing- Towards a paradigm shift in marketing management decision 35(4), pp322-39. Kotler P and Keller L K, (2006), Marketing management, 12th edition, Prentice Hall, USA. Kotler P, Armstrong G, Saunders J and Wong V, (2001), Principles of marketing, 3rd European edition, Prentice Hall, UK Peter D. Bennett, (1995), Dictionary of marketing terms, American Marketing Association, Chicago. Keith Crosier, (1998a), Advertising, in kitchen, P.J.(ed.) Marketing Communication: Principles and practice, International Thompson Business Press, London. Michael J. Barker, (2003), The marketing book, 5th edition, Heinemann publication, Great Britain. Betts et al., CIM, (1998), Promotional Practice, 5th edition, BPP publishing, London. William G. Zikmund and Michael d’Amico, (1998), Effective marketing-Creating and keeping customers, International Thompson Publishing, USA. Terance A. Shimp, (1997), Aspects of integrated marketing communication, The Dryden press, USA. Lancaster G and Massingham L, (1993), Marketing management, McGraw Hill Company, Great Britain David Jobber, (2001), Principles and practice of marketing, McGraw Hill publishing company, UK. CIM, (2001), Marketing management, BPP publishing, London.

Personal Goals :: essays research papers

I am a teacher in the Detroit Public School system. Being a teacher did not start out being the profession of choice. However, I do enjoy teaching. Pedagogy is in fact an art and a science. Being a pedagogue is most rewarding. Thus, pedagogy has its own unique complications. Technology has revolutionized the art of teaching. This revolution has presented a strange dichotomy in the field of education. Whatever teaching may have evolved into; it is and will remain a dichotomous field. The dichotomous or two sided existence in teaching is due to human factor. We are social beings. There are ways in which we receive and process information. In our reading it talks about learning styles in pathways of learning. We do have different learning styles. Within this complexity is the basis of the dichotomy. On one side we have the ascent of technology. On the other side there is the way we learn. My personal goal is to be a teacher able to identify, understand, and without prejudice respect the various learning styles. Prejudice is also talked about in "Ethical Reasoning". I believe it is not possible to be successful at teaching without understanding various learning styles. Our learning styles are affected or influenced by social and economic conditions. I believe that University Of Phoenix has the program to equip me with much of what is needed to become a better educator. The conditions in which to apply pedagogy is extreme. Lets briefly examine some of the conditions in which teachers must prevail. In my conclusion I hope to have demonstrated what my personal goals are. As a teacher in the Detroit Public School System; there is a great deal of planning that must take place. Planning to utilize building space, room capacity, teacher assignments, curriculum, security, and parent involvement must all be planned. This planning occurs in the beginning of each year. The planning stage is a critical part of the school programs. Planning establish the academic and social direction, and tenor of the school for the entire year. The Detroit Public Schools are dramatically affected by social trends, economic changes, demographic changes, cultural and political changes. In the upcoming paragraphs I will briefly discuss the impact of these external factors. Thus, we will address some of the many internal factors. After describing many of the external factors, I will briefly introduce the plans to address these factors.

Fashion “The Craze Among Youth”.

Every person Is fashion conscious. Fashion Is very popular among the school boys and girls, They do It in a competitive spirit to look smart. up-to-date and attractive. Students like actors and actresses. Some of them see a film to copy the latest fashion. It is mostly the college students who look upon fashion as the very stuff of their conscience. Being fashionable Is the only real passport to high society and popularity In the college. Students put on expensive and fascinating clothes of the latest cut, color and design. The students spend a lot ot money on clothes and other things In ife for sake of variety.They do not realize that they are wasting their precious time and energy in this effort. In addition, they waste the hard-earned money of their parents. Students have become crazy after fashion. But this is all being done at the cost of their studies. They are wasting the precious time of their life. Sometimes, poor parents are burdened with fashion bills. 853 Words Free Sampl e Essay on Fashion Thus, every one should try to have some leisure and make the best use of it by taking to some good hobby or the other. Great caution should be exercised; in choosing a hobby.We should choose a hobby which recoups our energy and provides relaxation and recreation. Young people all over the world are becoming more and more fashion conscious. Young students, whether boys or girls, are crazy about it they want to look smart and beautiful by wearing dresses of the latest designs. In order to boost the sales of their dresses, leading cloth mills and dress†making firms engage reputed fashion designers and beautiful models. Fashion parades and shows are held In big five star hotels to exhibit the latest dresses.Fashion Is no longer the monopoly of women. Even men have great fancy for It. In fact, the latest unl-sex dresses Ilke shirts and Jeans can be worn both by the girls and the boys. Today, the biggest centers of the latest fashions in the world are Paris, Londo n, Hollywood and New York. In India, Mumbai. Delhi, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Jaipur, Shimla etc. have become centers of high fashion. Students generally try to copy fashions from films. Fashion has permeated all spheres of our life. It is followed not only in clothes but also in hair-styles, shoes, etiquette or manners.Some people are content to wear fashionable clothes. Others go In for fashionable hair-styles. ull others adopt the latest trend In their speech and manner. All these people want to look impressive and attract the attention ot others. They want to look different in the eyes of others. Fashion is neither stable nor eternal. It is ever-changing. The change in fashion takes place so fast that people sometimes find it very difficult to catch up with it Students in India also have become quite fashion conscious.In a college campus, one can see both girls and boys wearing all types of clothes. Girls wear whatever their favorite heroines wear. Boys try to emulate their favorite heroes. Fashion knows no frontiers. It travels across countries very fast. when students In India see latest foreign films from Hollywood, they adopt the latest fashions from these films. They even imitate the way of life, speech, manners, actions, clothes, hair-styles of their favorite foreign actors and actresses. Some students spend a lot of money and devote considerable time on their make-up.They neglect their studies Their books gather dust These students hardly realist that by neglecting their studies, they are ruining their own career. ‘ Of2 students oTten seem to surer Trom a mlstaKen notlon tnat Tasnlon means wearing lothes and other costly items like Jewellery, etc. The fact is that sometimes expensive clothes and heavy make-up may prove counterproductive. It may even have a negative effect on one's personality. Some people look smarter in simple clothes than in expensive clothes.As the old saying goes, beauty needs no ornaments. In fact simplicity is the best fashio n, If students pursue fashion at the cost of their education, they will be left behind in their studies. This will spoil their prospects of a bright future. If they want to be successful in life, their motto should not be fashion but ‘simple living and high thinking. Unfortunately, college boys and girls have started regarding even smoking as a fashion. One can see a number of boys and girls sitting in college restaurants and enjoying a smoke.Those who have costly brands of cigarette packets and imported cigarette lighters feel proud. Some students go to the extent of taking intoxicating drugs like ‘heroin', LSD, Hashish, Marijuana, etc. Drinking is also considered as a symbol of modern society and high fashion. These habits adversely affect the health of students. A conscious effort should be made both by the teachers and parents to dissuade their children from falling prey to these anti- ocial habits in the name of fashion.No doubt fashion spreads like wild fire especi ally when fashion critics hail any new design as ultra modern. Slowly a fashion percolates first to the middle- class families and then to the poor strata of society. Once it becomes common, it loses its novelty. Fashion conscious boys and girls then look out for something else which is new and exclusive. But â€Å"fashion† should not be given wide meaning so as to include everything which is being followed in western countries. Due respect should be paid to one's native countrys way of living also.Whether the influence of western culture is a boon or a curse to the Indian youth, is a controversial topic. No culture is good or bad. After all, every culture is an educative refinement, a product of an era. It is the understanding of a culture and methods of pursuing it that can make it good or bad in the eyes of other people. Thus, it cannot be concluded that every western influence is harmful. Indian youth, instead of following the west blindly, should try to grasp the very es sence of western culture and help it in enriching his own. Only then can true development take place.

Kara Walker: Artist

Considered one of the respectable and influential contemporary fine artists in United States in this generation, Kara Walker revives historical events.   Her intelligent artworks, which are mostly monochromatic, silhouette in style, suggest tragic sceneries believably happen during antebellum period in the South where sectionalism, racial discrimination, sexism and gender inequality occurred.The Life and Biography of Kara WalkerKara Walker was born on November 26, 1969 in Stockton, California.   She was a member of a black family.   Although she admitted that it was her family who convinced her to show and enhance her own artistic intelligence and talent, she remembers that at a very young age of 2 ½ or 3 years old, she already has the conviction to follow the footsteps of his educated artist father Larry Walker, as she was watching him drawing while sitting on his lap.   Kara Walker received her Bachelor of Fine Arts majoring in Painting and Printmaking at Atlanta College of Art in 1991 and her Masters in Fine Arts at Rhode Island School of Design which she also majors in Painting and Printmaking in 1994.   Currently, she is a member of the faculty in Columbia University where she works as a professor of an MFA program and teaches visual arts.Aside from her numerous art exhibitions, Kara Walker received recognitions as part of her achievements which includes her genius award of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1997 wherein the record shows that she is the youngest recipient of the said genius grant at the age of 27; her representation in Sao Paolo Biennial in Brazil in 2002; and this year’s inclusion of her name as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World – Entertainment and Artists in Times Magazine.Works and MasterpiecesUnlike other artists who commonly express their feelings, or wander and explore the beauty of life, or transcends the limitation of artistry to go beyond the thin line of natural charac terization and fictional imagery, Kara Walker chose to make focus on the heartbreaking and controversial historical folklore of African American people during pre-American Civil War as her only subject matter, which anyone could speculate her work that has unconsciously come in series.   She is famous for her signature medium, and that is using caricatures or cut-paper silhouette life-sized images adhesively displayed and installed mostly on an entire white-painted wall creating a panoramic nostalgia of her topic.Kara Walker put on view to the public her first ever large masterpiece of a 50 feet long and 13 feet high mural which she called Gone, An Historical Romance of a Civil War as It Occurred Between the Dusky Thighs of One Young Negress and Her Heart, in 1994.   After the first hit, she then experimented to have a narrative vignette and a cyclorama.   Her first cyclorama in 1997 entitled Slavery! Slavery! was a 12 feet high and 85 feet long in a 360-degree installation. Also you can read Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent StaplesEnhancement of her medium is technically improved as she explores different techniques and procedures in her artworks to make them more artistic, attractive, and more pleasurable to the eyes of her audience.   This includes the use of light projections.   The Darkytown Rebellion in 2001, which is a 14 feet high and 37 feet long mural using life-sized black paper cut-outs and overhead light projectors of different colors, demonstrates the involvement of the viewers in the mural as their shadows cast with the characters glued in the wall.   In her latest experimentation, she challenges herself to animate her silhouette black paper cut-out images and make them move with the help of 16mm film, plywood trees, dimensions variable and sounds.   Her success in this stroke is another breakthrough, and the animation project is exhibited in 2004, which she gave the title Testimony: Narrative of a Negress Burdened by Go od Intentions.Although Kara Walker is well-known for having her own style of using silhouette cut-outs, she is also fond of drawing and painting, as this is what she mastered in the University.   One of her colorful painting is entitled Allegory.   This painting is finished in 1996, using the gouache and watercolor on 5.3 feet high and 4.3 feet wide paper.Kara Walker has also a series of drawings with a story behind it.   The one is called Do You Like Creme in Your Coffee and Chocolate in Your Milk?, a 64 pages of paper using watercolor, colored pencil, and graphite.   This is a series of dramatic narration and representation about the emotions and struggles of an artist like her from public views, opinions, and critiques.Another artwork that she created is the large-scale wall text.   The most famous one in 1998 is called Letter from a Black Girl, a collage of typewritten text in 30 index cards, artistically set up as a life-sized mural.ThemesWhile Kara Walker is fascinat ed using the unconventional medium which transcends in different level of artwork, she inculcates the same subject matter of American Pre-Civil War Antebellum South.   Having combining the topics of slavery, violence and sex, drawn from cultural influences that include folklore, cartoons, movies, black memorabilia, Harlequin romance novels and slave narratives, she then come up all those themes in five major categories.   These are racial representation; desire, pleasure and shame; historical agreement between fact, fantasy and fiction; descriptive storytelling or narrative; and humor.R E F E R E N C E SKara Walker: My Complement, My Enemy, My Oppressor, My Love. 2005. The Art ofKara Walker: A Companion to the Exhibit. 13 Sept. 2007.Kara Walker: The Collection. The Broad Art Froundation. 23 Sept. 2007.Kara Walker. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 23 Sept. 2007. Sterling, Kristin. Visual Arts' Kara Walker Recreates Scenes from Antebellum SouthThrough Life Sized Silhouettes. 2003 . Columbia News: The Public Affairs andRecord Home Page. 23 Sept. 2007.

Fahrenheit451 essays

Fahrenheit451 essays In the book, Guy Montag, the main character, begins to question the things around him when he meets a local girl. He quickly feels comfortable with her and they begin to have discussions about mundane things that seem to open up Montags eyes. Then one day, the girl is gone. In a short few weeks, he had become dependant on the girls company. Once she is gone, he finds himself changed by having known her. When he goes to work on one of the following days, there is a fire alarm. He and the other fireman rush to answer the call, and discover an old woman in a house with books and magazines in her attic. They quickly gather the illegal materials together, and douse them in kerosene. They are trying to coax the crazy woman out of the house, when she brings out a match. Guy stays and tried to talk her out of it, but is unsuccessful. This experience haunts him all night and into the next day. He doesnt go to work the next day, and his boss, Beatty, knows why. I think that this crazy woman is a representation of the beliefs of the Salem witch trials. People all around them were calling them devil worshipers and telling them that they were going to hell. Even though they knew it would be certain death, as did the crazy lady, they stood fast with their beliefs and died for them. She represents a courage that most common people dont have. She knew that she had to be true to herself. Beatty comes to Guys house and tells him the truth about the origin of firemen. He tells him that people before the civil war were very simple. They had books, but it didnt really matter because there was no mass to it. Once the technological revolution came about, people stopped wanting all the excess that was included in the book. People became more interested in the snap ending, the quick pay-off. Because of this, people began to neglect teaching things lik ...

The eNotes Blog 7 Wintery Novels To Cozy UpTo

7 Wintery Novels To Cozy UpTo eNoters! We are so close to springtime! Birds, bees, apple trees, and sunscreen. It’s almost in our reach. But when the sun comes back, we lose our (completely viable) excuse to stay in after school/work with our  fuzzy slippers snowflake jammies, bingeing on Netflix or absorbed in a book all night. Let’s be clear: coming from an introvert, I never condemn these practices any time of year. But the other people of the world expect, yah know, some sort of human contact every now and then. *sigh* So, let’s take advantage of the coming months’ gift of socially acceptable pajama-donning YOU time. Here’s some great winter-themed reads to keep you cozied up inside: 1) Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail This â€Å"travelouge† from Bill Bryson is a light-hearted, humorous, and endearing tale of a first-hand adventure of the Appalachian Trail. Chock-full of interesting characters and almost a stream of conscious commentary, it will keep you laughing out loud or flipping pages. You’ll either want to get out and hike yourself, or stay in your reading nook. Either way contentment achieved. 2) Frozen: Heart of Dread #1 Not to be confused with the catchy Disney flick, Frozen is the first book in a YA fantastical fiction series is about a mystical, post-apocalyptic world covered in ice (yeesh†¦ I got chills typing that). You’ll follow along with the protagonist, Nat, as she tried to find a non-frozen haven. Therapeutic, right? 3) Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe Obviously a classic, but the Chronicles of Narnia stand the test of time as a wonderful winter-themed read to take you away on an adventure. Author C.S. Lewis sets the stage for conquering the Ice Queen and restoring peace tranquility (and green things!) to Narnia. I personally keep my copy nearby all winter for a quick escape into the wardrobe of Spare Oom. 4) Game of Thrones series If you haven’t been told by a Stark â€Å"winter is coming† a time or two (or twenty), then you’re missing out. These medieval fantasy masterpieces have it all: romance, deceit, politics, triumph, endless twists, and dragons. Rawr. Pro tip: The audiobooks are a wonderful way to digest the complex characters and plots. Narrated by the legendary Roy Dotrice, they are sure to keep you on your toes (and†¦ ears?) for many, many hours. 5) Life As We Knew It This novel is told through the diary of 16-year old protagonist, Miranda, as a meteor striking the moon causes the world to dive into natural disasters and extreme temperature changes. Life As We Knew It kick starts a best-selling series as Miranda copes with this new, unexpected world. Sip empathetically on your hot chocolate as snowpocalypse, tornadoes, and tsunamis run rampant. 6) The Golden Compass   Another classic, the Golden Compass is a go-to during winter. Lyra is forced to chase after a mysterious â€Å"particle† dust in the Arctic; the dust is rumored to be able to unite the universe. You and Lyra will face shape-shifting soul creatures (Daemons), dimensional worlds, and armored polar bears (of course). 7) Blankets This high-rated graphic novel is a coming of age tale involving first love, budding (and unappreciated) creativity, and loss. The artwork of the graphic novel is as beautiful as the storyline, and might be a good change of pace from traditional novels. It is a monster of a book (clocking in at 600 pages), but that just means the relatable characters and frosty adventure will keep your fuzzy-feelings around that much longer. Lets hear from you: what books help you get through the winter months?

Learn What a Feature Story Is

Learn What a Feature Story Is Ask most people what a feature story is, and theyll say something soft and puffy, written for the arts or fashion section of a newspaper or website. But in fact, features can be about any subject, from the fluffiest lifestyle piece to the toughest investigative report. And features arent just found in the back pages of the paper, the ones that focus on things like home decor and music reviews. In fact, features are found in every section of the paper, from news to business to sports. In fact, if you go through a typical newspaper from front to back on any given day, chances are the majority of the stories will be written in a feature-oriented style. The same is true on most news websites. So we know what features arent; but what are they? Feature stories arent defined so much by subject matter as they are by the style in which they are written. In other words, anything written in a feature-oriented way is a feature story. These are the characteristics that distinguish feature stories from hard news: The Lede A feature lede doesnt have to have the who, what, where, when and why in the very first paragraph, the way a hard-news lede does. Instead, a feature lede can use description or an anecdote to set up the story. And a feature lede can run for several paragraphs instead of just one. Pace Feature stories often employ a more leisurely pace than news stories. Features take time to tell a story, instead of rushing through it the way news stories often seem to do. Length Taking more time to tell a story means using more space, which is why features are usually, though not always, longer than hard news articles. A Focus on the Human Element If news stories tend to focus on events, then features tend to focus more on people. Features are designed to bring the human element into the picture, which is why many editors call features people stories. So if a hard news story recounts how 1,000 people are being laid off from a local factory, a feature story might focus on just one of those workers, portraying their grief at losing their job. Other Elements of Feature Articles Feature articles also include more of the elements that are used in traditional storytelling - description, scene-setting, quotes and background information. Both fiction and non-fiction writers often say their aim is to  have readers paint a visual portrait in their minds of what is happening in a story. Thats also the goal of feature writing. A good feature writer does anything she can to get readers engaged with her story, whether by describing a place or a person, setting a scene or using colorful quotes. An Example: The Man Who Played Violin in the Subway To demonstrate what were talking about, take a look at the first few paragraphs of this story by Gene Weingarten of The Washington Post about a world-class violinist who, as an experiment, played beautiful music in crowded subway stations. Note the expert use of the feature-oriented lede, the leisurely pace and length, and the focus on the human element.

Support of Colorado House Bill 1175 - State Wide Smoking Ban Essay

Support of Colorado House Bill 1175 - State Wide Smoking Ban - Essay Example During the later years the chemicals in tobacco were being recognized by scientists, which made them realize the serious health effects that it can create. It was then in 1826, when the pure form of nicotine was fully discovered. Later the scientists concluded that nicotine is poisonous and began to warn people about the dangers of smoking tobacco. It was only during the 1900's that the manufacture and selling of cigarettes, which was a major tobacco product, began. (History of Tobacco) During World War I, the use of cigarette became so enormous that it was called as the "soldier's smoke". Then during World War II, cigarettes were provided to soldiers as a part of C-Rations like other food products. Later in the 1950's it was proved with evidence that smoking was a major cause for lung cancer. The Surgeon General's report on "Smoking and Health" in 1964, helped the government to regulate the market and sales of cigarettes. In the 1980's there were a number of lawsuits which were filed against the tobacco industries due to the hazardous effect that the product creates on people. But it is only in recent times that there are evidences revealing the fact that the tobacco industry is continuing to market and sell its product, knowing very well the harm that it causes to the public. It was also proved that the tobacco industry establishers knew that nicotine creates addiction and that they revealed this to millions of people knowingly to make them a prey to this addicti on. (History of Tobacco) Negative effects of second hand smoke Second-hand smoke - SHS, kills 53,000 non-smokers every year in U.S. and is found to be the third leading reason for preventable death in the country. This Second-hand smoke is alternatively known as passive smoke or environmental tobacco smoke - ETS. Research has revealed that each time a person breathes in second-hand smoke, he/she intakes over 100 harmful chemical agents like the carcinogens and toxins. This kind of SHS is the cause for death due to the following diseases: low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, heart diseases, stroke and negative results on the growth of cognition and behaviour, exacerbation of cystic fibrosis, lung as well as nasal sinus cancer, cervical cancer and also the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. (Second-Hand Smoke) The SHS also has a serious impact on children which causes bronchitis and pneumonia, asthma induction and exacerbation, constant respiratory indications, middle ear getting infected and also low birth weight. The other factors of the SHS is that it is a major source of the Particulate Matter - PM pollution, which is a factor for pulmonary diseases, asthma and other lung diseases like cancer. Generally 3 cigarettes on fire in a room emit 10-fold more PM pollution than an eco-diesel engine. When children inhale this SHS smoke during their childhood it causes neck pain, spinal pain and back pain in their later ages of life. This kind of Second hand smoke also damages the child's ability to learn, and it is neurotoxic at very low levels. Studies revealed that more than 21.9 million children are proved to be at a danger of getting reading disabilities due to this second hand smoke. A greater level of exposure to this smoke also causes an increased disorder in math and visuospatial reason ing. (Second-Hand

Analysis of an Interview with Immigrant Children in Quebec Case Study

Analysis of an Interview with Immigrant Children in Quebec - Case Study Example In a situation where the parents choose to stick with the initial culture then the children’s identity does not change. These children will still identify with the Brazilian culture; however, this is different if the parents decide to completely depart from their indigenous culture. Unfortunately, this cannot be said in the case of a language. Children will by default adopt the language widely used by the larger society, this explains why in the interview the children attested to be slowly forgetting Portuguese but developing their use of French and to some extent English. This observation is best explained by a look at the sociocultural perspective which identifies social context as critical to learning. Further, it stresses the importance of social interaction, communication and instruction to learning not to mention that the social environment is identified as not only a place where learning takes place but one that is critical to the learning process (Johnson & Golombek, 2010). These children perceive language as a mere means of communication. To them, using Portuguese at home or French/English in school does not represent anything but is only an enabling element. The language enables interactions and social contact with their classmates and teachers. This is different from the parents who view language as a source of identity which explains their insistence on the children’s use of Portuguese at home. Perhaps the parents are afraid that failure to use the language will mean losing their identity. Additionally, the children view biliteracy as more of an advantage as it allows them to have a taste of both worlds (Rivera & Huerta-MaciÃŒ as, 2008). This feeling is not shared by the parents as these look at biliteracy as a way of draining the children’s prowess in the indigenous Portuguese language. The children perceive the Portuguese language as a barrier to

Create a Problem Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Create a Problem Statement - Essay Example [1] Business Leadership is also a major problem for Kathy as with different outlets she would not be able to manage the task and operations of each outlets personally which is why she would need to find business managers who are capable in running the business, and even though she would be easily able to locate adept business managers, she might not be able to locate those that are well intone with the gourmet cooking business practices or are not interested in pursuing a career in this spectra of business. [2] The solutions to the problems faced by Kathy Kudler are simplistic in theory but rather difficult in practice. However, it is this same theory that has to be applied in order to ascertain practical workable solutions to the problems. The major problem being faced is related to business expansion. Even though we assume that pertinent revenue is at hand which is required for expansion, there are still other factors of expansion which need to be catered to. A clear definitive business strategy has to be created which has to encompass the geographic activities of all the business centers and yet has to be directed towards the main goal of the business.

An analysis of HRM methods used in order to maintain low staff Essay

An analysis of HRM methods used in order to maintain low staff turnover at Burger king - Essay Example No matter what the size of an organization is or the amount of its resources, the organization survives and thrives because of abilities and capabilities of the people working there. The activities to maximize that ability and those capabilities are essential as to improve the performance of the workers. These activities are called human resource management and are the responsibility of all people in the organization (Heathfield, 2011). The organizational function, Human Resource Management (HRM) includes a range of activities that deals with issues related to employees such as; recruiting and training the best employees, dealing with performance issues, ensuring they are working efficiently and giving their best, deciding what staffing needs the company has and ensuring management practices conform to the regulations. The HRM function also includes organization development, employee motivation, communication, administration, wellness, safety, compensation and benefits. HRM is a comp rehensive and strategic approach to managing the workplace environment and culture, and the people. Effective Human Resource Management enables the workforce to contribute productively and efficiently to the overall organization direction and towards the achievement of the organization's objectives and goals. HRM is the strategic utilization of the employees through which the company expect to add value to its products (Heathfield, 2011). STAFF TURNOVER Staff turnover is the rate at which an employer or an organization loses or gains employees. Simple way to describe staff turnover is how long employees tend to stay at the company. If an organization is said to have a high turnover comparative to its competitors, that means that workers of that organization have a shorter average tenure than those of other organizations in the same industry. High turnover may be damaging to a company's  productivity  if the skilled employees are frequently leaving and the worker population consi sts of a high portion of trainee workers. There a lot of factors that affect staff turnover, some are within the organizations control while others are completely beyond the control of the organization. One of the most common reasons given for leaving a particular company is the availability of higher paying job in some other firm. Some low wage employees are reported to leave a job for another that pays only fifty cents more per hour. The performance of the company is another element that plays part in staff turnover. If the firm is not performing well and is perceived to be in economic difficulty, this will also raise the spectre of imminent layoffs. Employees believe that it is sensible to look for other employment. The organizational culture; the capability of the company to obtain a sense of commitment on the part of workforce, the power of management, and the firm’s development of a sense of shared goals influences indices of job satisfaction as turnover rate and turnov er intentions. Some jobs are inherently more attractive than others. A job's attractiveness is affected by many characteristics, challenge, repetitiveness, danger, capability to elicit a sense of achievement and perceived importance. The status of the job is also significant, so are many other factors. Another aspect that affect staff turnover is the general lack of knowledge and unrealistic expectations that job applicants may have about when they receive

Choosing Between Wants and Needs Research Paper

Choosing Between Wants and Needs - Research Paper Example Decisions stemming from standards of living are learned as an outcome of numerous factors like the family, social class, subculture, and culture (Chaudhuri, 2006). Ideas, concerns, and endeavors show how consumers face the difficulty of reaching an appropriate purchasing decision. This paper discusses the effect of self-perception and motives on the conflict between ‘wants’ and ‘needs’. The discussion seeks to identify the most effective marketing strategy in terms of consumers’ buying decision and behavior. Self-perception Views or perceptions serve as a primary component in the assumed risk of buying a product. Assumed risk embodies the uncertainties of the consumer or the conflict between consumer wants and needs. Several distinct techniques may be employed to lessen risk (Michman, Mazze, & Greco, 2003). Primarily, assumed risk can be lessened by a search for product reviews prior to the purchase. Moreover, the consumer can transfer from one form o f assumed risk to another form that is of less effect on the understanding of purposes if this technique is unsuccessful. Also, the buying transaction can be delayed, hence postponing a risk scenario. Lastly, the risk can be fully taken in by making the purchase. The way consumers make use of risk-mitigation or decision making techniques relies somewhat on lifestyle and character factors (Michman et al., 2003). The forms of assumed risk are a monetary loss, status/prestige loss, and time loss. Outlooks are influenced by personality, learning, demographics, social forces, and perception (Holbrook, 1999). Marketers attempt to build favorable consumer outlooks toward their products/services. Outlooks embody sentiments toward a good originating from values, ideas, and beliefs. As a result, consumers form beliefs and ideas about products/services and their features. Outlooks reveal the decision whether to purchase a want or a need. One of the most prominent models of linking outlooks to consumer behavior and decision making is employed by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center (Michman et al., 2003). The purposes of consumer spending for expensive goods are examined. For instance, buyers are interviewed if they have a certain desire to make a purchase, a possible desire to purchase, an uncertain choice to purchase, or a certain objective not to purchase a new house equipment or car over a specific time period. Outlooks are normally very hard to alter, yet marketers may be capable of attaining the change in outlooks through open and effective communication, specifically if the perceptions of consumers about the product are inaccurate. The outlooks of consumers toward brands are relevant due to the fact that these outlooks do affect consumer choices and behavior. Change in outlooks requires transforming the motivational aspect linking the product/service to a specific class or occasion or altering perceptions about the products of competitors (Hol brook, 1999). Consumers nowadays formulate new techniques to confront the difficulty of deciding what to buy as environmental patterns, advanced technology, and the Internet transform or alter their outlooks and the value they assign to product features like user-friendliness and speed. Motives Marketers do not have the power to monitor or quantify motivation. A motive is a consumer decision’s internal status (Chaudhuri, 2006).

Journal Entry See Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal Entry See Below - Essay Example The group’s origin dates back in 1999-2003 during the Iraq war, and a time when Sadam was under scrutiny by the US Government. The group was formed to promote the existing war in Iraq between Sunnis and Shiites, where Shiites were supposed to die because it was heretic. In addition, the group wanted to expand its control over Iraq and Syria. It emerged from Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), which was a major character in Sunni insurgency. The group was then under the leadership of Musab al-Zarqawi then. However, after his death, the group merged with other extremist groups to form the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). However, in 2007, things lost balance in the group after many Iraq Sunni groups differed with ISI because of boundary disagreements. In 2011, the group emerged after foreign troops withdrew from Iraq and when Abu bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed the group’s new leader, who chose former Ba’athist military and intelligence officials as his personal assistants. However, in 2012, it adopted a new Moniker and branded itself the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS). The group has 7,000 members, 3,000 of whom are foreigners mainly from Britain and Belgium. According to reports published on CBS News website, ISIL (S) uses social media to recruit most of its members, especially from the west. In addition, it has a multilingual media group called Al Hayat, which specializes in printing and distributing glossy magazines and videos that aim at influencing people into being part of the group. Its main sources of finance are smuggling, extortion, and outlawed crimes. It is estimated that the group can make up to $8 million per month. The group’s organizational structure is composed of a supreme leader, who currently is Al-Baghdadi, who is has two deputies, one in charge of Syria, and the other in charge of Iraq. The leader has cabinet ministers, who offer advice, and have independent roles including being in charge of salaries, transport,

Choosing Between Wants and Needs Research Paper

Choosing Between Wants and Needs - Research Paper Example Decisions stemming from standards of living are learned as an outcome of numerous factors like the family, social class, subculture, and culture (Chaudhuri, 2006). Ideas, concerns, and endeavors show how consumers face the difficulty of reaching an appropriate purchasing decision. This paper discusses the effect of self-perception and motives on the conflict between ‘wants’ and ‘needs’. The discussion seeks to identify the most effective marketing strategy in terms of consumers’ buying decision and behavior. Self-perception Views or perceptions serve as a primary component in the assumed risk of buying a product. Assumed risk embodies the uncertainties of the consumer or the conflict between consumer wants and needs. Several distinct techniques may be employed to lessen risk (Michman, Mazze, & Greco, 2003). Primarily, assumed risk can be lessened by a search for product reviews prior to the purchase. Moreover, the consumer can transfer from one form o f assumed risk to another form that is of less effect on the understanding of purposes if this technique is unsuccessful. Also, the buying transaction can be delayed, hence postponing a risk scenario. Lastly, the risk can be fully taken in by making the purchase. The way consumers make use of risk-mitigation or decision making techniques relies somewhat on lifestyle and character factors (Michman et al., 2003). The forms of assumed risk are a monetary loss, status/prestige loss, and time loss. Outlooks are influenced by personality, learning, demographics, social forces, and perception (Holbrook, 1999). Marketers attempt to build favorable consumer outlooks toward their products/services. Outlooks embody sentiments toward a good originating from values, ideas, and beliefs. As a result, consumers form beliefs and ideas about products/services and their features. Outlooks reveal the decision whether to purchase a want or a need. One of the most prominent models of linking outlooks to consumer behavior and decision making is employed by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center (Michman et al., 2003). The purposes of consumer spending for expensive goods are examined. For instance, buyers are interviewed if they have a certain desire to make a purchase, a possible desire to purchase, an uncertain choice to purchase, or a certain objective not to purchase a new house equipment or car over a specific time period. Outlooks are normally very hard to alter, yet marketers may be capable of attaining the change in outlooks through open and effective communication, specifically if the perceptions of consumers about the product are inaccurate. The outlooks of consumers toward brands are relevant due to the fact that these outlooks do affect consumer choices and behavior. Change in outlooks requires transforming the motivational aspect linking the product/service to a specific class or occasion or altering perceptions about the products of competitors (Hol brook, 1999). Consumers nowadays formulate new techniques to confront the difficulty of deciding what to buy as environmental patterns, advanced technology, and the Internet transform or alter their outlooks and the value they assign to product features like user-friendliness and speed. Motives Marketers do not have the power to monitor or quantify motivation. A motive is a consumer decision’s internal status (Chaudhuri, 2006).

Stress Levels among College Students Essay Example for Free

Stress Levels among College Students Essay Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the differing stress levels of college students while looking at their year in college and whether or not they are a member of an athletics team. This study utilized a consent form, a demographic form, a survey to determine the stress level of the participant, and a debriefing form for each of the participants. The results of this study showed that only the athletic status of the participant had an impact on the stress level of the participant. The students who were athletes had higher stress levels than those students who were non-athletes. However, it turned out that the year in college had no impact on the stress of the participant. Stress Levels among College Students Stress is defined as â€Å"a mentally or emotionally disruptive or upsetting condition occurring in response to adverse external influences and capable of affecting physical health, usually characterized by increased heart rate, rise in blood pressure, muscular tension, irritability, and depression† (McCleod). Stress and anxiety are the top reported impediments to academic performance in college students, both in the undergraduate and graduate levels. Between 2010 and 2014, the level of students reporting stress as an issue rose from 25 to 31%, while anxiety rose from 17 to 22%. (Miller). While having some stress is a normal occurrence, having too much stress can have negative side effects. Some of these side effects include excessive anxiety, depression, digestive problems, heart disease, sleep problems, weight gain, and impairment with memory and concentration (Chronic stress puts your health at risk). One of the most stressful times in a young adult’s life is the transition into college. But for some students, life after that initial transition only becomes more stressful. Some of those students are the students who are members of their school’s athletics teams. In the past, many researchers had agreed that participating in athletics could serve as an outlet for people to relieve stress from their lives. However, recently some research has indicated that playing sports can actually result in an increase in the amount of stress in a person’s life. For example, a recent study found that nearly 50% of male athletes and a little more than 50% of female athletes indicated that â€Å"stresses associated with sport participation, such as pressure to win, excessive anxiety, frustration conflict, irritation and fear significantly affected their mental and emotional health† (Wilson). One of the biggest obstacles that student athletes report as the cause of their stress is time related factors. In other words, they felt that there was not enough time to fully complete their academic and athletic duties to the best of their abilities. This is natural, since student athletes are balancing higher level education with higher level athletics, and are bound to show some strain when compared to their peers. Another issue that arises from being a student athlete is the issue of burnout. It has been shown that it takes 10 years or 10,000 hours of practice to create a talent in any field, and this pertains in particular to athletics. Given this incredible time commitment to one’s practice, it is common for athletes to suffer from what is referred to as burnout. Burnout can be defined as â€Å"physical, social, and emotional withdrawal from a formerly enjoyable activity as a result of chronic stress and motivation concerns that is typically characterized by feelings of emotional exhaustion, reduced accomplishment, and depersonalization/devaluation† (Gould). So, for athletes, another side effect of excessive stress is burnout. As with the amount of stress in athletes lives, the rate of burnout has also been increasing in the past few years. In a study done in 2007, it was found that nearly 10% of athletes tested had symptoms of high-level burnout. The researchers hypothesized that the number would actually be higher since they did not look at what they called â€Å"senior elite athletes†, meaning professional athletes and high level college athletes. They also suggested that this burnout rate could be lowered if athletes went through stress management programs to lower the amount of stress that they  had to cope with on a daily basis. (Gould). Lastly, one study looked at the relationship between athletic participation and academic performance. Over a four year period, the researchers conducted an observational study of a college basketball program in the mid-south-central part of the United States. At the beginning of their college career, the athletes were excited about the prospect of putting athletics and academics together to create opportunities for themselves in the future. One of the freshmen that was interviewed said, â€Å"If I can use my basketball ability to open the door to get an education, hopefully I can use my degree to open up the door to get a good job† (6). However, as time went on and the stress of being a student athlete increased, the views of the basketball players changed. One of the upperclassmen on the team stated, â€Å"If I was a student like most other students I could do well, but when you play the caliber of ball we do, you just can’t be an above-average student. What I strive for now is to be an average student. My best GPA was 2.75. You just don’t find the time to do all the reading† (Adler). This just reinforces the idea that the student athletes are under the stress that they are mainly due to the huge time commitment that comes with being a higher level athlete. All of these studies and articles on how student athletes are prone to burnout and stress and have increased time commitments led to the hypothesis that the student athletes in college will be more stressed than the non-student athletes in college. Methods Participants There were a total of 40 participants used in this study; 62.5% were female and 37.5% were male. The age range was 18 to 22, with the average age of the participants being 20. Measures For this study, we utilized a consent form, a demographic form, a survey to determine the stress level of the participant, and a debriefing form for each of the participants. Procedure Each participant received a consent form after they confirmed that they are an Iona College student. The participants were then asked to read the  consent form along with the experimenter, allowed to ask any questions that they might have had and then asked to sign the consent form. Once they signed the consent form, the participants were given a survey to determine the level of stress that they had in their life at that time. Next, they filled out a demographic form that asked them for their year in college. Once both the survey and the demographic form were filled out, the participants were thanked for their time and given the debriefing form for the study. Results A 22 analysis of variance was in order to determine the effect of athletic status on stress level. The results indicated that there was a significant main effect of athletic status of the participant on the stress level of the participant, F (1, 36) = 13.99, p=.00. As illustrated in Figure 1, the students who were athletes (M=11.23, SE=0.91) scored higher on the stress test than those students who were non-athletes (M=6.31, SE=0.95). A 22 analysis of variance was also conducted to determine the effect of year in school on stress level. The results indicated that there was not a significant main effect of participant’s year in school on the stress level of the participant, F (1, 36) = 0.43, p= .52. Discussion The purpose of this study was to examine whether the athletic status and the school year of a participant have an impact on their stress level. Our hypothesis was that the upperclassmen who are athletes will have the largest amount of stress, while the underclassmen who are not athletes will have the lowest level of stress. This hypothesis was supported, but only to a certain extent. While the factor of school year did not have an effect on the stress level of the participants, the factor of athletic status did. Just as we predicted, the participants who were athletes reported having more stress than the participants who were non-athletes. When the stress levels were looked at across the different years in school, there was not a significant difference between the underclassmen and the upperclassmen. These results are supported by the findings of the study done by Quinton McCleod, who had 30 athletes and 30 non-athletes complete a questionnaire about the time that they spend studying, their GPA, and whether or not they consider themselves to be stressed and what types of stress they were under. He found that the athletes had a significantly lower GPA, spent less time studying outside of the classroom, and had more stressors in their lives than the non-athletes. The athletes said that they were losing motivation to go to class and that caused them to turn in poor work, and that this was due to the fact that they did not have an adequate amount of time to spend on all of the schoolwork that they had to complete, in addition to the amount of time that they had to designate for their sport (McCleod). If the sample size had been larger and included a wider gender range, the grade level of the participants may have had a more significant impact on the results. Also if the participants had been randomly selected instead of convenience sampled the results may have been more similar to what was originally hypothesized in regard to the year in school playing a part in the stress of the participant. References Adler, P., Adler, P. (1985). From Idealism to Pragmatic Detachment: The Academic Performance of College Athletes. Sociology of Education, 58, 241-250 Chronic stress puts your health at risk. (2013). http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress/art-20046037 Gould, D., Whitley, M. (2009). Sources and Consequences of Athletic Burnout among College Athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sports, 2, 16-30 McCleod, Q. (2015) Stress Levels among Student Athletes and Non Student Athletes. Elon University Miller, J. (2014, December 3). Students see rise in stress levels, studies indicate. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from http://www.michigandaily.com/news/stress-college-feature Wilson, G., Pritchard, M. (2005). Comparing Sources of Stress in College Student Athletes and Non-Athletes. The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 7

Effects Of Packaging And Branding On Customers Marketing Essay

Effects Of Packaging And Branding On Customers Marketing Essay Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs and sells. Consumers pay a lot of attention on product quality and its usability but they also enjoy the package design of a product when purchasing a certain commodity. Packaging of a product is more than a medium of protection and storage and it plays a vital role for a consumer when buying a product. Packaging is the most important factor. Packaging elements like Packaging color, Background Image, Packaging Material, Font Style, Design of wrapper, Printed Information and Innovation is taken as important factors in selling a product. Packaging performs a vital role in marketing communications particularly in the point of sale and could be treated as one of the most important factors influencing a consumers purchase decision. 1.2 Purpose of Packaging Brand Identification: Packages contributes to immediate identification of the companys brand. Physical protection: The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from other things, shock, vibration, temperature, etc. Marketing: The packaging can be used by marketers to persuade potential buyers to purchase the product. Package design has been an important and continuously developing phenomenon for several decades. Convenience: Packages can have features which add convenience in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, use and reuse. 1.3 Types of packaging: Transport packing: The product entering in to the trade need to be packed well enough to protect against loss damage during handling, transport and storage. Consumer Packing: This packaging holds the required volume of the product for ultimate consumption and is more relevant in marketing for e.g. beverages, tobacco etc. 1.4 Labeling Labeling is a written, printed or graphic matter upon any product, containers or wrappers. It is a subset of packaging. All the sellers need to label their products if they want to make sure that consumers purchase their products. The label can be a simple tag attached to the product or a designed graphic that is a part of the package. A label might carry only the brand name or a great deal of information (Kotler, 2001). A label is a point of contact between the producer and the purchaser and it is an integral part of producers marketing plan. 1.5 Purpose of Labeling Brand Identification: The label identifies the product or brand. Product Grading: The label might also grade the product like canned fruits are grade labeled as A, B and C. Product Description: The label describes the product that made it, where it was made, when it was made, what it contains, how it is to be used and how to use it safely. Product Promotion: The label might promote the product through attractive graphics and designs. 1.6 Labeling Decisions Brand Name: It is necessary for the label to contain the brand name. It has to be decided that how should that brand name appear on the product. It is advisable to scale the logo as large as possible in keeping with the overall design9. Label Text, Graphics and Design: Text, graphics and design on the label must be carefully selected because label in as important part of branding process. It plays a role in communicating the image and identity of a company.9 Features and Benefits Listing products key benefits on its label helps support the brand promise and can help differentiate the product from others, while reaching out to customers seeking those particular benefits.9 Instructions for Use Listing products key benefits on its label helps support the brand promise and can help differentiate the product from others, while reaching out to customers seeking those particular benefits.9 Package Inserts Package inserts, which may contain instructions for using a product, are made when the information cannot fit on the product itself. 9 Safety Hazards Possible dangers that could result from misusing a product must be identified on products to reduce liability and comply with regulations9. Nutritional Labeling- A case of Food Products Nutritional labeling should clearly state the amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates and calories contained in products, as well as their vitamin and mineral contents9. Additional Labeling: Additional labeling includes open dating (to describe freshness), unit pricing (to state the product cost in standard measurement units), grade labeling (to rate the quality level), and percentage labeling (to show the percentage of each important ingredient) 9. Labeling Laws: Labels must comply with local or international truth-in-packaging-and-labeling laws, as well as regulations on hazard warnings and other declarations9. 1.7 Product Labeling An important aspect of marketing and selling a companys product is the product label. The product label  is very important not only for selling a product but also for communicating to the consumer information, company image, values and the perceived value of the product. Therefore when a company designs a label it must take some factors into consideration that should meet with federal regulations. 1.7.1 Specific label Information Some products can be identified effectively by brand name or even the logo many require more complete identification of their nature and the use of the product. The purpose of the label is to provide useful and relevant information about the product as well as to help market the product. Processed foods, patented drugs, textiles and numerous other products are required by law to carry a fairly complete list of their ingredients. This specific information is extremely important so that consumer like those who are allergic to certain ingredients do not use a certain product that may harm them. Labels today also include unit pricing, open dating and nutritional labeling. Unit pricing shows the price per unit of weight or volume allowing consumers to compare values among competing products comparing an expensive brand name product to a less expensive generic product with similar ingredients. Unit pricing is most often found on the store shelf rather than on the product package10. Open dating informs consumers about the expected life of the product so they can avoid products that may be spoiled. This information is especially important for such perishable items as milk, eggs and other products with a short shelf life. 10 Nutritional labeling specifies the amount of calories, total fat, cholesterol, sodium, minerals, vitamins and protein in processed foods.10 Most companies also use three types of other labels on their products. Grade label identifies the quality of the product by a letter such as grade A or with a word such as prime. 10 An informative label uses phrases such as Keep refrigerated after opening to help consumers use the product appropriately. 10 Descriptive label describes the benefits or positive attributes of the product.10 1.7 Role played by Labeling According to Padberg (1992) labeling is aimed to provide a sort of identity card of the product. It is used to make the information of a product immediately accessible to consumers when making purchase decisions. It is a tool through which consumers are provided set of data like expiry date, preservation procedures environmental impacts etc. Labeling is aimed to achieve three main objectives. To guarantee proper and accurate information of product safety and healthiness. To protect consumers and manufacturers against any deceitful message. To favor a fair competition amongst the firms operating on the market place. Further Padberg (1992) said labeling performs a number of functions; the most important of them is a direct support to consumers in their purchasing decisions. Labels must include the following details: Sales denomination. List of ingredients. Minimum preservation time or expiry date. Name and location of the manufacturer or packager. Danger symbols and indication of danger involved in the use of the substance. Location of the manufacturing plant and packaging plant. Procedure to preserve and use the product when specific instructions have to be followed. Instructions for use, if required. Place of origin as the lack of this information might mislead buyers as to the origin of the product. 1.8 Consideration while Labeling For many businesses Labeling is a suitable and straight way of providing consumers with product information. The amount and type of information which must be included in a product label can sometimes be confusing. Labeling standards will depend on the type of product you sell, manufacture, export/import, supply etc. It is also vital you understand the regulations and responsibilities you need to stick on to regarding labeling standards. Labeling information standards impact a range of industries, from those businesses in the food industry, retail areas and manufacturing through to clothing and textile industries and importing and exporting etc. The level of information legally required will depend on the product. For instance food products have different requirements to that of clothing or cosmetics. Basically, a label must include ample information so that consumers know exactly what they are getting and can make an informed decision. Most importantly, the information must not be deceptive or misleading. One of the reasons why the regulations are enforced is because labeling information is often the primary means by which a consumer will decide to buy one product over another. Essentially, product labeling serves three main purposes: It provides basic product information to consumers such as the key ingredients, quantity, quality, name and address of responsible manufacturer, dealer or importer, durability of product, instructions for use/care and country of origin. It provides health, safety and nutrition information and warnings such as instructions for safe handling, nutritional profile, storage, use-by dates etc. It provides a marketing vehicle for promotions advertises and promotes the product etc. In general many small businesses may not have to deal directly with product labeling standards. The labeling responsibilities will rest with the suppliers or manufacturers of the products they sell. However while it may not be a small business responsibility to label the products business owners still need to ensure the products are labeled correctly for their customers safety. 1.9 Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) are products that have a quick shelf turnover at relatively low cost and dont require a lot of time and financial investment to purchase. However the huge number of goods sold is what makes the difference. Hence profit in FMCG goods always translates to number of goods sold. Fast Moving Consumer Goods is a categorization that refers to a wide range of regularly purchased consumer products including: toiletries, soaps, cosmetics, teeth cleaning products, shaving products, detergents, and other non-durables such as glassware, bulbs, batteries, paper products and plastic goods such as buckets. Fast Moving is in opposition to consumer durables such as kitchen appliances that are generally replaced less than once a year. The category may include pharmaceuticals, consumer electronics and packaged food products and drinks although these are often categorized separately. The term Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) is also known as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Three of the largest and best known examples of Fast Moving Consumer Goods companies are Nestle, UNILEVER and Procter Gamble. FMCG products includes soft drinks, tissue paper, chocolate bars etc. The FMCG segment represents consumer goods required for daily or frequent use. The main segments of this sector are personal care (oral care, hair care, soaps, cosmetics, and toiletries), household care (fabric wash and household cleaners), branded and packaged food, beverages (health beverages, soft drinks, staples, cereals, dairy products, chocolates, bakery products) and tobacco. 1.10 Problem The research is basically conducted so as to find the attitude of consumers towards labeling strategies over products that changes their purchase decision. 1.11 Objectives Following are the objectives of this study: To determine whether labeling affects buying behavior. To find out current market behavior towards packaging. To determine the effect of labeling on perceived risk which in return affect the purchase of a product. To determine the impact of perceived quality on purchase of a product. 1.12 Justifications Todays generation is surrounded by labels. We see them in products, supermarkets and specialty shops and many of the choices we make in our daily life are dependent on labels and brand names. Labeling is vital so everything around us takes on its special character that is different from the rest. 1.12.1 Reason to study To evaluate that labeling is important for packaging. Consumers perception about labels before buying. Products other than pharmaceuticals require proper labeling but consumers sometime do not see before buying companies lose their customers. Companies will focus more on labels to give proper information to their customers. 1.13 Limitations Few limitations that will hinder this study are: Pharmaceuticals products are not part of study. Lack of time available. Consumers restrain from sharing their information with outsiders. 1.14 Scope Labeling impacting packaging style in todays market that affects rapid or planned buying. Research will be conducted only in Karachi. It will be only applicable in Pakistani environment. Sample size will be relatively small. 1.15 Assumptions The study will be having following assumptions: New products are not coming in markets. Brand loyal are not attentive towards labeling. Consumers are health quality conscious. Sometimes language on labeling is not understandable to consumers. 2.0. Literature Review According to Rundh (2005) package attracts consumers attention to particular brand, enhances its image, and influences consumers perceptions about product. Thus package performs an important role in marketing communications and could be treated as one of the most important factors influencing consumers purchase decision. Packaging helps consumers to choose the product from wide range of similar products, stimulates customers buying behavior. According to Kotler (2003) there are six elements that according to him must be evaluated when employing packaging decisions: size, form, material, color, text and brand. Packaging could be treated as one of most priceless tool in todays marketing communications as it gives more detailed study of its elements and an impact of those elements on consumers buying behavior. Renaud (2007) researched on the influence of label and its validity and purchasing behavior. Labeling plays a relative importance in packaging as compared to other product attributes like pricing strategies for consumer buying behavior. According to P.H.K.Prathiraja and A.Ariyawardana (2003) when consumer making purchase decisions their main focus is on labeling of those products especially if they are health conscious. Most of the consumers are willing to pay something additional if proper information about the product is mentioned on the packaging of the product. Nutritional labeling plays an important role in providing relevant nutrition information to consumers. If the products are not labeled consumers may not be fully aware of the nutrient content of the product. As a result the consumers makes their own belief about nutrient content based on advertising, public health messages and their knowledge of food sciences. According to Larceneux (2004), there are two routes that can that are likely to influence consumers purchase intention. Perceived Quality: Consumers rely on brand and labeling as the indicator of certain products quality. Perceived Uniqueness: Through the policy of labeling which relies primarily on uniqueness of products each producer seeks to distinguish products that helps to position the product in such a way that it remains in the mind of consumers. According to Grunert (2001), high quality of a product remains an important source of competitive advantage for any product. Label always remains an important element as the identifier of a product that tells about the quality of the product. A label makes the consumer choice easier as it is an important evaluation criterion for the consumer as the competition is becoming very stiff and consumers are becoming more and more demanding. Boer (2003) suggests that impact of label on consumer purchase decision totally depends on the way a consumer perceives and thinks. If the labeling strategy is efficient then it can convince the consumer to differentiate between labeled products and other products. In many cases it can happen that the aspects which are covered by the label are not in the best interest of the consumer so labels then fail to fulfill their roles. A label is considered as being the most powerful quality signal which can directly help the consumer to decide about buying a product. According to Giraud Grunert (2001), perception of a label is a source of information provided to the consumers that may differ according to families and also it can differ according to the category of the product. According to Tavoularis et al (2007), womens are more concerned about the product labeling and signals of quality as compared to men because womens are the main buyers of different products as they go to malls and department stores as compared to men so it results in more straight and permanent contact with labeled products. As the consumer gets older their motivation to purchase labeled products gets even stronger. Labeling remain a solution for encouragement for the consumers and help them take a decision to buy a certain product. Consumers normally tend to seek for information that will be comfortable for them and will help to buy a prod uct and make the right choice among a set of products belonging to the same category. Education plays a vital role in determining the importance of a product and to see that what part is played by labeling strategies on a certain product. According to Europe (1996), the people who have studied middle education and higher education tends to be more open and focused on labeling as compared to those people who have studied till primary or even lower middle education. According to Aprile (2004), it is not quite possible for the market to provide consumers with proper information about the attributes of a specific product and also to check that weather these attributes meets the needs of consumers or not. Caswell (1997), in todays world consumers are information on the process and safety of foods and how these foods are produced. It is becoming more and more important in consumers mind the process of making of foods and all the characteristics that are attached to that food product. In making purchase decisions consumers considers attributes and information as a critical part of packaging. Labeling performs functions as a public tool that helps in direct support to purchasing decisions. Some advertising firms combine their advertising messages with the data included in the label that results to enhance the image of the product as well as increase the credibility of their message. Labels are conceived as claims put forward by sellers to inform buyer s about certain characteristics of their products. Labeling also contributes to increasing the effectiveness of some other communication forms that are addressed to consumers such as re-education and public information programs. Labeling serves as an identity card of the product to make information immediately available to the consumers making purchase decisions. It is tool through which consumers are provided a whole set of data like expiry date, preservation procedures etc. . Padberg (1992), direct support to consumers in their purchasing decisions plays a very prominent role in buying behavior. Labels must includes sales denomination, list of ingredients, minimum preservation time or expiry date, name and location of the manufacturer or packager, danger symbols and indication of danger involved in the use of the substance, location of the manufacturing plant and packaging plant, procedure to preserve and use the product when specific instructions have to be followed, instructions for use, place of origin as the lack of this information might mislead buyers as to the origin of the product. Labeling is aimed at achieving three main objectives: to guarantee proper and accurate information on product safety and healthiness, to protect consumers and manufacturers against any deceitful messages and to favor a fair competition amongst the firms operating on the market place. Label can also be a tool used by the firms to execute strategies to distinguish and imp rove their products. The level of information legally required will depend on the product. For instance food products have different requirements to that of clothing or cosmetics. A label must include ample information so that consumers know exactly what they are getting and can make an informed decision. Most importantly, the information must not be deceptive or misleading. According to Rousu.C. Corrigan.R. (2008), firms are heavily investing on new products and design of labels that will help to attract new customers and also will help to retain the existing customers. Firms spend millions of dollars to ensure that labels effectively inform consumers about the product. They would like to see that their consumers who are purchasing their product have a complete information about their product before making any purchase decisions. If proper measures are not taken and consumers are not well informed about the product then it may result in consumers purchasing a product that they dont want to. There is a common perception that by simply placing additional and accurate information on label will lead to better consumer choices. But on the contrary there are evidences that by placing information on label might not be enough to inform consumers. Noussair, Robin and Ruffieux (2002), there are some labels that do not influence the consumer buying behavior like a product indicating that an ingredient is genetically engineered. There is a common perception that more information on a label will automatically provide with better information to the consumers. According to Boer (2003), Labels are not just a message about a product or a service but it is a claim that states that it has some particular features and properties. Consumers normally have limited incentives to invest in obtaining information as the idea behind labeling seems to be very straight forward. Sometimes consumers are aware of the difference between sustainable and un-sustainable practices but they could not identify it in the market. Marketers make plans to enable consumers to identify these differences so that they become motivated to buy the labeled products instead of other products. According to Louw (1999), typically a shopper looks at the label of a product for about five to seven seconds and it does not matter that how many messages are there on the package. According to Knox (2007) risk is an important factor of food choice. Consumer concern over food risk has increased while at the same time. Understanding of public perception of risk is crucial to the success of food safety. Dickson (1994) said that now a day firms spend more money on packaging than on advertising and packaging is often the most renowned marketing effort. Labels are one of the most important features of product packaging and these labels are always chosen to convey messages. According to Hà ©roux (1988) marketers and marketing firms spend significant time and money on packaging products in a manner that will attract consumers concentration and promote its utilization. Color and shapes are the most appealing to consumers. Colors have meaning and are used as an essential tool to integrate marketing strategies and communication. These are often used for product and brand differentiation. Shapes also play a vital role in for these types of marketing strategies. According to Peters (1994) packages are suggested to have great impact as a means of direct communication. A package is recognized as a marketing communication tool as packages convey meanings directly to consumers when the decision to purchase is being made. It is commonly accepted that packages convey meanings about the product and its features, benefits and how to use any products. Packages are found to attract attention. Pictures on packages are emphasized to attract attention especially when consumers are not familiar with the brands. Other than pictures, such signals such as colors, brand names and materials convey brand meaning. Most of the individuals respond to label shape variations and color compositions. De Mello and Pires Gonà §alves (2008) found that there are strong preferences for selected combinations of colors and shapes in the composition design of labels. It is well accepted that packages have an essential role in influencing the consumer purchase choices and int ention at the point of purchase. The impact of packages on consumer behavior and more closely their purchase intention affects at the point of purchase. Pictures on packages are emphasized to attract attention particularly when consumers are not very familiar with the brands. When consumers choose among competing products, they face quality and product performance uncertainty. According to Bredahl, Grunert, and Fertin (1998) in order to design products that will be accepted by consumers it is necessary to translate consumer demands into product specifications that are actionable from the producers point of view. This is especially complex for food stuff because the way consumers perceive expected quality before a purchase is often different from the way quality is perceived after consumption. Perceived product quality is perhaps one of the most important constructs in marketing. Customers behavior can be defined as an activity focused on the purchasing, consuming and using of the products by making decisions before and after purchasing. To determine the attributes by which to evaluate quality in goods and services is the classification that Nelson (1970, 1974) and Darby and Karni (1973) establish for the properties of goods differentiating three types of properties among consumer goods. Search properties: It represents the attributes a consumer can determine before actually purchasing a product. Experience properties: It represents the attributes that can only be discerned after purchase or during consumption. Credence properties: It represents the characteristics that may be impossible to evaluate even after purchase and consumption. According to Cronin and Taylor (1992) and Parasuraman, Zeithaml Berry (1996) high perceived quality leads to repeat purchases and it is the foundation of any business. The importance of perceived quality derives from its beneficial impact on purchase intentions. It is expected that the higher the perceived quality of a product, the higher the consumer satisfaction. Our lifestyle has changed in this fast paced world as compared to few decades ago. Today more and more people are caught up in an endless cycle of buying and throwing away seeing consumption as a means of self-fulfillment. Consumption is the reason why anything is produced. Consumers have positive attitudes towards food products where one of the most common mentioned reasons in purchasing food products was that it is perceived healthier than conventional alternatives. Consumers do not always buy sustainable products as consequences of environmental concern or to benefit the community or due to personal beliefs but mainly to give priority to health and to be part of the social group and to distinguish from others as they seek out the quality of products through labeling that helps in purchasing any food product. According to Titiana Klompenhouwer and Henk Van Den Belt (2003) the product information has influenced the perceived benefit on customers; therefore, their willingness to buy and use a product may change according to that. The name of the product, its price and its nutritional benefit information had a significant effect on the intention to buy products. Product labels are the chief responsible for conveying the food information to customers. The basic motive of legal regulation of labeling and advertising is to inform and protect the consumer therefore customers can make an informed choice. The food label is a prime marketing tool. It is a key source of information for the purchaser. Price cannot be excluded from the factors influencing the motivation to use foods. Price plays a crucial role in the decision of consumers to purchase foods. Demographic variables such as gender and age should also be taken into consideration in this aspect of the issue of purchasing behavior and decisi on-making. The consumers possess socioeconomic attributes, such as income, sex, age, household size, which frame their consumption habits. One of the most factors that makes people or customers pay attention to food products labels is General health interest, the second important factor is Organic concerns and the third is fitness interests. Expiry date is the most effective factor that can influence customers purchasing decision-making. More educated customers are more intended to purchase good quality products although it might be more expensive. People mostly check the food labels and almost understand the labels but most consumers dont trust the manufacturer about the labels on the products, these consumers also need to know more about the ingredients of the foods and finally labels and their information or details about the products are the factors that influence on customers purchasing decision making. Cultural developments can be mentioned as one of the most important and eff ective factors influencing customers behavior, attitudes and perception toward food products.