History Of Psychoanalysis Essays - Freudian Psychology,

History of Psychoanalysis The history of the major discoveries in psychoanalysis is largely interwoven with the life and professional career of a single man, Sigmund Freud. The book Studies on Hysteria actually marks the beginning of psychoanalysis, although the term was not used by Freud until a year later (1896). Prior to this time, he spoke of ?Breuer's cathartic method,? and occasionally of ?psychical analysis.? By 1896, Freud had made some notable changes in the original technique. For one thing, he had given up the use of hypnosis. He had found that some patients could not by hypnotized readily, and the results at other times had been disappointing. Secondly, he had observed that, while hypnosis suspended the patient's resistance to recalling painful feelings and memories, the gains were only temporary. Thirdly, he had a temperamental distaste for the magical connotations that always surrounded the hypnotic state. Instead he modified the technique, asking the patients simply to report as faithfully and unreservedly as possible what occurred to them while in his presence. To keep distractions to a minimum and to insure the greatest possible relaxation, he asked the patient to recline on a couch, sitting behind him, out of his field of vision. He had also noted that when the patients diligently followed what came to be known as ?the fundamental rule,? their associations regularly began to turn to personal and troublesome matters, ultimately leading to the core of their neurotic difficulties. The new method of free association (although the associations were not ?free? in the usual sense) was as simple as it was ingenious. The term psychoanalysis as a method treatment is inseparable from the technique of free association. Psychoanalysis, however, has at least two additional meanings, which soon came to the fore. The first grew out of the treatment of hysteria, and to this date, psychoanalysis is identified as a specific and specialized form of psychotherapy. The second meaning, while related to the first, is nevertheless a different one. Psychoanalysis, in this sense, is a method for investigating the working of the human mind, and as such constitutes a remarkable breakthrough in psychological research. Here for the first time was a technique for gaining access to layers of the mind which had hitherto been hidden from direct observations, and which provided highly revealing insights into the origins of the human personality as well as the causes of neurotic conflicts. Thus psychoanalysis in the hands of Freud gradually led to a new understanding and appreciation of the tremendous importance of early childhood in shaping the human personality. The third meaning refers to psychoanalysis as a theory of personality. Searching for a method to treat hysterical patients, Freud was brought face-to-face with the mainsprings of the human mind. By the end of the century he still has not given up hope of reducing psychological phenomena to the laws of physics and chemistry, but eventually he made a clean break and became a psychological investigator who attempted to explain psychological phenomena in psychological terms. Again, this was an achievement of the first order, which is not always fully appreciated.(Freud and Modern Psychoanalysis, 1,7-11)

GPA, SAT and ACT Data for Top Virginia Colleges

GPA, SAT and ACT Data for Top Virginia Colleges From tiny liberal arts colleges to large state universities, Virginia has some excellent options for higher education. Nearly all of the states best schools have holistic admissions, so the admissions folks will be looking for more than good grades and standardized test scores. Challenging high school courses, a well written essay, interesting extracurricular activities and positive letters of recommendation are all important pieces of the admissions equation. That said, the empirical part of your application is still remarkably important. To see if you numbers are in line for Virginias top colleges and universities, follow the links below for college profiles and graphs of GPA, SAT and ACT data for accepted, waitlisted, and rejected students: Christopher Newport University Located in Newport News, a city in southeastern Virginia, CNU is a small public university with a wide range of academic strengths. Christopher Newport University ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for CNU Admissions College of William Mary One of the best public universities in the country, the College of William Mary has highly selective admissions. Its attractive campus is located in Williamsburg, Virginia. College of William Mary ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for William Mary Admissions George Mason University Established in 1957, George Mason is a large public university with a main campus in Fairfax, Virginia. The schools NCAA Division I athletic teams compete in the  Atlantic 10 Conference.  The university has been expanding rapidly with both online and traditional learning opportunities. George Mason University ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for George Mason Hampden-Sydney College One of the oldest colleges in the United States, Hampden-Sydney College is located in rural central Virginia on an attractive 1340-acre campus. Hampden-Sydney is one of the few all-male colleges in the country. Hampden-Sydney College ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for Hampden-Sydney Admissions Hollins University Located in Roanoke, Virginia, Hollins College is a private liberal arts college for women. The schools programs in English and Creative Writing are particularly strong, and overall strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned Hollins a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. Hollins College ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for Hollins Admissions James Madison University A relatively large public university located in Harrisonburg, Virginia, JMU features an attractive campus and NCAA Division I athletic programs that compete in the Colonial Athletic Association. Academic programs in business fields are particularly popular with undergraduates. James Madison University ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for JMU Admissions Longwood University Located in Farmville, Virginia, Longwood is a small public university that emphasizes hands-on learning experiences. The Longwood Lancers compete in the NCAA Division I Big South Conference. Longwood University ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for Longwood Admissions Randolph College Randolph is a very small private liberal arts college located in Lynchburg, Virginia. Students who enjoy personal attention will appreciate the schools 9  to 1 student / faculty ratio and small class size. Biology, business, creative writing, and history are all popular fields of study. Randolph College ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for Randolph College Randolph-Macon College Located in Ashland, Virginia, Randolph-Macon is a small private liberal arts college with an attractive red-brick campus. Small class sizes and an 12  to 1 student / faculty ratio mean lots of personal attention from the faculty. Biology, communications, and economics are among the most popular majors. Randolph-Macon College ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for Randolph-Macon Admissions Roanoke College Roanoke College is a private liberal arts college located in Salem, Virginia, not far from Roanoke. The colleges strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned it a chapter of the prestigious Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society. Roanoke College ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for Roanoke College Admissions Sweet Briar College Sweet Briar College sits on a huge campus in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The school has a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa in recognition of its strong programs in the liberal arts and sciences, and Sweet Briar also made my list of top equestrian colleges. Sweet Briar College ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for Sweet Briar Admissions University of Mary Washington As a public liberal arts college, the University of Mary Washington provides the personal attention of a small college along with the value of a public institution.   University of Mary Washington ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for Mary Washington Admissions University of Richmond The University of Richmonds attractive campus  sits just six miles from downtown Richmond. The university features an impressive 8 to 1 student / faculty ratio and small classes. The Richmond Spiders compete in the NCAA Division I Atlantic 10 Conference. University of Richmond ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for the University of Richmond Admissions University of Virginia UVA is one of the top public universities in the country. The highly selective university has an endowment of over 7 billion dollars and takes pride in its beautiful and historic campus.   University of Virginia ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for UVA Admissions Virginia Military Institute VMI is one of the six senior military colleges in the United States. The school has selective admissions and competes in the NCAA Division I Southern Conference.   Virginia Military Institute ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for VMI Admissions Virginia Tech Virginia Techs many strengths earned it a place on my lists of top engineering schools and top public universities. The Hokies compete in the NCAA Division I Atlantic Coast Conference. Virginia Tech ProfileGPA, SAT Score and ACT Score Graph for Virginia Tech Admissions Washington and Lee University Located in Lexington, Virginia, Washington and Lee made my lists of top southeastern colleges and best liberal arts colleges. The school has highly selective admissions - to get in, youll need grades and test scores that are well above average. Washington and Lee University ProfileGPA, SAT Scores and ACT Score Graph for Washington and Lee Admissions