Mauritius Economy Overview

Mauritius Economy OverviewIntroductionSome of the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries have managed to establish a higher standard of living all over the past twenty years. It is good to note that Mauritius has been an exception to the rule, thereby makeing an outperformance among the African countries. Without any natural resources, a small domestic market and distribute to trade economy, Mauritius exhibited several(prenominal) characteristics very typical compared to the African Economies namely a monocrop economy, development in the manufacturing sector and diversification towards the services sector. Contradicting the predictions of Nobel Prize recipient pile Meade, who famously predicted that Mauritius would be bounded by poor development in 1961 due to its weaknesses pertaining to both weather and price instabilities and a high concentration of the beat backrest force in the dirty money sector, Mauritius has transformed itself from a poor sugar-based economy into a countr y with one of the highest per capita incomes among African countries. Today, the small island nation is one of Africas most prosperous and stable economies and is considered as The Mauritian Miracle. According to Larry W. Bowman, experts in Mauritius, there have been four development aims of the economy into the 1990s, namely modernising the sugar sector, expanding and diversifying manufacturing infrastructure, diversifying agriculture, and create touristry. Arguably, between 1977 and 2009, real gross domestic product in Mauritius grew on average by 5.1 percent annually, compared with 3.2 percent for SSA countries.Overview of the Mauritian EconomySince its independence on 12th borderland 1968, Mauritius has been through several phenomenal evolutions. The Mauritian economy has now moved from a primary sector characterised by unemployment and approach because exportation has been only for sugar which has contributed to a reasonably flourishing economy. In 1975, the Sugar Protocol has come to an end with the price for raw sugar organism at its highest ever record price of 648 and this price was thrice as that proposed by the European Commission. Consequently, as nearly all concerned economies favour to diminish its quantity it employs to supply to the UK in accordance to the Commonwealth Sugar Agreement, the economy of Mauritius, on the other hand determines in augmenting 100,000 tones of its supply of raw sugar. This has been a planned policy decision for Mauritius to get ahead on longer-term expected and steady export earnings whilst sacrificing shorter-term decidedly vulnerable world market conditions. Apart from the sugar boom, other poles of development such as the manufacturing and tourism sectors have been the next target for the continuous growth of the nation.However, in the late 1970s, worsening of the stinting conditions began. Petroleum charges escalated, the sugar boom took its end and the relaxation of payments deficit progressively climbed as upshots outpaced exports. By 1979, the BOP shortage totaled to a shocking US$111 million. Accordingly, Mauritius came up to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the human beings Bank for financial aids whereby the state furthermore arranged for some measures, like cutting food subsidies, devaluing the currency, and limiting government wage augmentations, thus cause a big break in the Mauritian trade.During the 1970s, the government passes the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) Act whereby it grants incentive and concessions to businesses sending abroad their commodities. The EPZ has been a sure-fire one, proving better than the sugar sector as being the most important export-earning sector. The employment rate rises due to the fact of more people being diligent that in the sugar sector. Mauritius experiences its first trade surplus in 1986. There has been a parallel increase in the number of hotel beds and air flights as tourism expands. There was this feel of optimism in the a tmosphere at the same time the nations economic success encouraged comparisons with other Asian economies which were vigorous too, including Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). duration Mauritius loses sugar preferences in 2004, the Multi fibre correspondment ends in 2005 while African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) preferences phases out in 2012.The Mauritian economy has been somewhat victorious in expanding its economic activities by shifting from its dependence on mainly sugar and textiles into a nation supplying financial intermediation, management consultancy and tuition Communication Technology (ICT) services. Agriculture may be imperative to the Mauritian economy but it no longer governs around. Its handle in real gross domestic product has fallen from around 12% in 1990 to approximately 4% at present. On the other hand, the service sector is heavily composed of tourism along with financial services which is now the most important pillars in the economy of around 74% of real GDP.Another area of concentration is the Millennium training Goals (MDGs) which refers to eight international development goals that have been launched following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations. On the 8th September 2000, Mauritiusalong with other 188 Member States of the United Nations, agree upon the United Nations Millennium Declaration, which exemplifies eight precise goals as well as eighteen targets to develop civilisation for a better future.These objectives are to be double-dyed(a) by the year 2015, using year 1990 as a baseline.During the Financial crisis impacting in the middle of 2007 and into 2008 in the US, Ramlall (2009) finds that the main index of the Mauritius stock market has been moved(p) whereby SEMDEX happens to be more vulnerable to changes in international stock markets. He additionally explains on the retreat by foreigners done throughout the crisis on the back of undermined international portfolio d iversification. Nonetheless, risks deepen as the crisis persistently lead to an economic instability. Consequently, the banking sector remains susceptible to drop in income and debt servicing capacities in addition to difficulties faced by the sectors which are pillars to the economy. Mauritius being a subdivision of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has joined in through August 2005 along with several other African nations whereby the latter has approved to macroeconomic convergence criteria and goals for nations in the region. It has been noted that convergence goals have been positioned for 2008, 2012, 2015 and 2018, with demanding goals set for the other periods whereby the Ministers of Finance being member of the SADC have approved of this. For 2008, SADC forecasts its members to have single-digit inflation rates, budget deficit being less than 5% of GDP, nominal value of public and publicly guaranteed debt as a ratio of GDP should not go beyond 60%, foreign re serves equating to three months imports and central bank credit to the state being less than 10% of the preceding years tax income Mboweni (2003).Next, Mauritius is as well a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) along with other 18 African countries. It is known that the COMESA Treaty, setting the agenda for COMESA, envelops a great figure of sectors and activities. Nonetheless, the realisation of the whole COMESA mandate is seen as being a long-term objective. Adding more, for the latter to be greatly effective as an organisation, it has characterised its main concerns within its mandate such that the Promotion of Regional Integration through intersection and Investment. The aims and objectives of COMESA are, consequently, to aid in the elimination of the structural and institutional flaws of member States to permit them to accomplish collective and continued development. Mauritius has held up well against the unrelenting global economic crisis, eve n though its growth momentum has alleviated where the real GDP growth rate projected at 3.3% in 2012 down from 3.8% in 2011. Anticipations for 2013 and 2014 show a slow but sure improvement with growth rates mounting to 3.8% and 4.2% respectively. Public Finance Management (PFM) systems and institutions are normally strong moreover more reforms are required to deal with emerging challenges associated to public sector competence and recent transparency concerns. Social and human capital progress is distinguished and supported by healthy economic freedoms and a strong social welfare system. Nonetheless, further developments in education superiority and importance are looked for to progress the nations competitiveness.Trade Openness StrategyMauritius has been subject to numerous developments be it on economic or infrastructural grounds among others. The award goes to the level of nudity to international horizon as well as to FDI that comes in and goes out of the country. As a matte r of fact, this boost the competitiveness of Mauritius as a handicraft partner within each and every association that it belongs to. We measure trade openness by the ratio of exports plus imported divided by GDP ((X+M)/GDP) throughout our study. In the mid-1980s, the volume of imports grew at a rate of 8.7% as compared to that of exports which grew at a rate of only 5.4%, thus illustrating that Mauritius is an economy which heavily depends on the imports of goods. It is good to note that Mauritius is also known as a Net Food Importing Developing country. inning 3.1 Computed Trade Openness Ratio, 1980-2012Mauritius has been an economy protected by tariffs and quotas in the 1970s and the early 1980s. On average, the rate of protection has been high and pretty much dispersed. This is inferred from the rather poor openness ratio of 0.9325 in 1983 as is shown in Figure 3.1 above. Following an openness strategy towards the world, an overall improvement in the openness ratio has been not ed. However, fluctuations still exist. A rise in import for petroleum products results in the period 2004-2005 which contributes to a deficit in the trade balance. High oil prices in the world market and the depreciation of the rupee vis--vis the US dollar contributed massively towards the trade deficit.Today, our small island is actively participating in the multilateral trading system and is a member of various economic groupings and trade agreements. Participation in regional agreements is crucial for Mauritius because such an act allows exploitation of comparative advantages and economies of scale, improves Mauritians competitive edge, allows diversification of exports and finally facilitates hands-down integration into the world economy.Trade PerformanceMauritius is known to have been running deficit in the visible trade balance which has been offset atmultiplication by surpluses on invisible trade account. Bulk exports of Mauritian goods (namely70% of the total value) compris e of manufacturing products. Though decreasing in share,clothing remains the main manufactured export (from 57% in 2001 to 36% in recent years).Sugar has remained the main agricultural export, contributing around 16% to total merchandisetrade.Imports as well continued to be dominated by manufactured goods. Leading imports includemachinery and transport equipment, radio/television transmission apparatus, textile andchemicals. The share of textiles has decreased from 20% in 2001 to 7% in recent years.Nevertheless, textiles remain an important import item.The EU is the major destination for most of the Mauritian export. The people of Mauritian sugar and a large share of its textiles and clothing are destined to the EU. The UK remains the majorsingle destination followed by France and the US. On import grounds, the EU supplies aroundone third of the total value of Mauritius merchandise imports. Other major suppliers includeChina, South Africa, France, India and Germany. The share of Mi ddle East countries (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates) has considerably increased, reflecting mainly theincrease of oil prices.Economic PerformanceFigure 3.2 GDP (in million US$) for Mauritius, 1980-2012Figure 3.3 Inflation Rate (%), 1980-2012Figure 3.4 Unemployment Rate (%) in Mauritius, 1983-2012Figure 3.5 Computed FDI to GDP Ratio, 1980-2012